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I LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, # 

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i UNITED STATES OP AMERICA.! 

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T He 

FLORIST'S GUIDE. 

CONTAINING 

PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS 

FOR THE 
CULTIVATION OP ANNUAL, BIENNIAL, ANO PERENNIAL 

OF DIFFERENT CLASSES, 

Herbaceous and Shrubby, Bulbous, Fibrous and Tuberous-rooted ; 

INCLUDING 

THE DOUBLE DAHLIA; 

WITH 

A MONTHLY CALENDAR, 

Containing Instructions for the 
MANAGEMENT OP GREENHOUSE PLANTS 

THROUGHOUT THfi TEAR. 

THIRD EDITION, ENLARGED AND IMPROVED. 

BY T. BRIDGEMAN, 

eSfartrener, Seedsman, anti Momt, m\n-Yoxt. 



NEW YORK: 

eTIZ' ^^"'' ''^"°^'^' ^"'^ "^'^^^^'"' ^-1-ter Hov y'& c"- 
T.nH Z !''''"' '"''P' BreckandCo. Boston; Hirst and D ee- D 
Landreth and Co. Philadelphia , J Cahns, Newark, N. J • R Si ilafr* 
Jr an, co. Baltimore; J. p. Callan, Washington CMty' Turn t^' 



1840. 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1840, by 
THOMAS BRIDGEMAN, in the Clerk's office, of the Dis- 
trict Court of the United States, for the Southern District of 
New-York, 



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PREFACE. 



Perhaps there is no subject on which the mind of man 
can ruminate, that is better calculated to afford substantial 
intellectual pleasure and satisfaction, than the study of Na- 
ture ; especially if we view it from the consideration, that as 
man is subservient to God, so are all instinctive beings, as 
well as all the productions of the earth, subservient to, and 
designed for, the use of man. 

Man being thus dignified, and endowed with understanding, 
reason, and moral freedom, is exalted far above all other 
creatures of the earth. How important, then, that he should 
maintain his station in society as becomes a rational and 
intelligent being, instead of sinking himself, as too many 
do, below the meanest of the mean, by dissipation and vice. 

It is a fact, which cannot be controverted, that the want of 
mental and manual employment, often proves an incentive 
to vice, which will infallibly produce misery ; and as surely 
as the earth will bring forth noxious weeds, when left uncul- 



ir PREFACE. 

livated, so surely will one vice beget another; which, if not 
eradicated, will multiply to an alarming extent, until its vie- 
tims become a pest to civil society, and a disgrace ta 
mankind. 

Now as happiness is preferable to misery, virtue to vice, 
knowledge to ignorance, and order to confusion, how impor- 
tant is it, that those who make pretensions to rationaUty 
should employ their leisure hours in a manner calculated to 
Insure the greatest amount of that which is intrinsically 
valuable. 

What subject can be better calculated to promote such a 
desideratum than the subject of cultivation, when viewed in 
all its bearings "? But as we are about treating of Flowers, I 
shall confine my ideas, as closely as possible, to the object 
in view ; trusting, that while the hand is employed in culti- 
vating the transient beauties of a garden, the attentive 
mind will feast and fare daintily on the study of Nature, and 
in the end enrich itself with solid and lasting good. As an 
excitement to such study, the following thoughts are 
submitted. 

Nature in itself is beautiful, enchantingly beautiful, but it 
is the province of man to adorn a single spot, to collect 
about him the scattered and single beauties, and to see, and 
feel, and enjoy them. Nature is fruitful, inexhaustibly fruit- 
ful ; but man must improve her fertility, guide it, and give 
it its most generally useful direction. Nature is full of life, 
but man is capable of diversifying, elevating, and ennobling 
this life ; and he is amply rewarded for his labour. 



PREFACE. 

"Thine is a glorious volume, Nature ! Each 
Line, leaf, and page, are fill'd with living lore ; 

Wisdom more pure than sage could ever teach, 
And all philosophy's divinest store ; 

Rich lessons rise where'er thy tracks are trod — 

The book of Nature is the book of God." 



It may be truly said, that the whole field of Nature is laid 
open to the investigation and mental enjoyment of man, and 
that its study is the most accessible, because it is the easiest 
as well as the most delightful of all studies. 

The student in literature must have his library, the natu- 
ral philosopher and chemist, his apparatus, and the student 
of man, his annals and records ; which are frequently so 
perplexing, that much of his time is spent in testing their 
correctness, and the results of his study are often far from 
satisfactory to himself. Whereas the tillage of the soil, in- 
vigorates man's mental as well as his bodily powers, and 
elicits more deep science, and more observation, and more 
general acquaintance with the laws of Nature than any 
other pursuit of life. 

Of all recreations, perhaps the cultivation of flowers may 
be considered as the most enchanting. It is not only con- 
genial to health, but is calculated to attach man to his 
home ; and he who delights in his home, and feels disposed 
to embellish it, will be likely to hasten to it when he has 
done his business abroad, instead of wasting his time in the 
pursuit of transient and dissolute pleasure. 

But I had almost forgotten that this guide to the cultiya- 
tioa of the beauties of Nature, is chiefly designed for the 

1* 



VI PREFACE. 

use of the softer sex. I shall not content myself by merely 
offering an apology for the digression, but will promise 
to bear them in mind throughout my studies, not doubt- - 
ing but my humble endeavours to amuse and instruct them 
will be duly appreciated ; which, to an author, is a source 
of inexpressible satisfaction. 

"Mean is the man who never will bestow 
A leaf of laurel on a female brow; 
From the chaste fountain of whose fertile mind, 
Spring forth the graces which adorn mankind." 

Having thus introduced myself to my fair readers, I shall 
proceed to treat of the cultivation of the various and most 
admired kinds of flowering plants ; and I flatter myself 
that if I should, by implanting a taste for rural subjectsj 
succeed in making them good cultivators, in the fullest 
sense of the word, that they will be immeasurably happy in 
'The Matrimonial Garden,'* should they ever enter therein) 
and in like proportion, as they advance in the work of cultiva- 
tion, will they excel in virtue ; which a wise man once 
declared was to a woman of immense value, " far above- 
rubies," yea, even equal to a glittering " crown." 

"A virtuous conduct leaves behind 
A lasting pleasure in the mind, 
Which by remembrance, will assuage 
Grief sickness, poverty, and age; 
And oft impart a chf ering ray, 
To lumine life's declining day," 

1 would fain confess here, to my fair readers, that I' 
have in the course of my studies occasionally wandered from 

* This refers to an article entitled "The Matrimonial Garden," wliich, 
vyill be found towards the end of the book.. 



PREFACE. Vll 

my accustomed track, with a view to afford them mental 
recreation w hile engaged in cultivating the transient inmates 
of a garden ; and from a conviction that the flowers of 
poesy are not only conducive to intellectual pleasure, but 
that they are calculated to improve the mind, and to relieve 
it of that intense thought which necessarily attends practical 
pursuits, I have ventured to intrude on the patience of 
those whose sole object may be practical knowledge. I can, 
however, inform such, that no efforts have been spared to 
render the work generally ir.-tructive as well as amusing, and 
would invite the attention of my readers lo a perusal of its 
contents, before they commence the process of cultivation 5 
and if they select a salubrious soil, and provide suitable seeds 
and implements, I doubt not that they will experience the 
highest satisfaction in their instructive, pleasant, and health, 
ful employment. 

In conclusion I would observe, that in order to keep pace 
with the increasing tas^e for flowers, and to render this 
work a desideratum to those amateur florists, who cuUivate 
plants merely for amusement, I have in this edition intro- 
duced several important improvements; I am however awaje , 
that it may be viewed by some as still an imperfect work, 
and having no wish either to overrate its merits or conceal 
its defects, I am free to acknowledge, that in aiming to 
divest the subject of those technicalities, which too often 
discourage new beginners in this pursuit, the style may 
perhaps in some instances have degenerated into a censu- 
rable quaintness. The apology i offer is, that having spent 
a greater portion of my time in the wide field of nature, than 
in the study of the dead, or even living languages, I have 



Vm PREFACE. 

been more familiar with that which appertains to practical 
gardening, than with the contents of Hterary foHos ; and 
that having no wish, were I even competent, to amuse classi- 
cal readers with a tedious vocabulary of Greek, Latin, and 
Botanical terms, I have confined my attention to the 
teaching of plain people the first rudiments of Floriculture, 
in a concise and explicit manner ; and I flatter myself that 
my labour has not been in vain. 

T. BRIDGEMAN. 

New- York, January, 1840. 







REFLECTIONS. 

Whate'er has beauty, wortli, or power, 

Or grace, or lustre, is a flower ; 

Wit is a flower ; and bards prepare 

The flowers of fancy for the Fair ; 

While beauty's flowery fetters bind. 

In sweet captivity the mind. 

Deep in the bosom dwells a flower. 

Nor time shall taint, nor death devour | 

A flower that no rude season fears, 

And VIRTUE is the fruit it bears ; 

Which join'd to patience, peace, and love, 

Will smooth the path to realms above. 



10 
CALL OF THE FLOWERS. 

'' Oh, come ye to our blossoming — 

To our holy festival — 
We have felt the dew and the rain of Spring, 
And we are ready for the opening ; 

Come men and maidens, come all. 

We have blossoms of every hue and name, 

And buds for opening youth ; 
Garlands for honour, and wreaths for fame, 
And fadeless flowers for the purest flame. 

Of the heart s enduring truth. 

Flowers for the mourner, flowers for the bride, 

Or to garnish the hall of death ; 
And to strew the biers of them who died. 
In youth, in age, in manhood's pride, 

For each and for all a wreath. 

Maiden, come then with thy sunny glance, 

And cull a wreath for thy hair, 
'Twill serve thy cheek's biighthue to enhancej 
As thou glidest on in thy merry dance, 

And the last thou e'er might'st wear. 

And come thou in thy young love's light, 

A bridal wreath to twine ; 
Take roses and myrtle, the fresh and the bright, 
And mingle the jasmine, — for early blight 

Is oratherinff on all that's thine. 



Childhood, come thou in thy merriest hour, 

Select from the woodland and heath: 
Take the iris and daisy, and May lily flower. 
The brightest, the fairest, in Nature's wild bower, 
And as pure as thine ovi^n its breath. 

And age, come thou with silvered head, 

Upon this our festal day ; 
Behold us again in the white and red, 
The same bright tint we merrily spread, 

In thy childhood's gladsome way. 

We call — but alas, we call in vain ; 

None notice this solemn truth ; 
We blossom, we blossom, but never again, 
For that man, in his three score years and ten, 

Or that bride, or that maiden, or youth," 



11 



OBSERVATIONS 



ON THE 



IPUdCSWIilE ©iiIBlD)IlS3'o 



Previous to forming a flower garden, the ground should 
be made mellow and rich, by being well pulverized, ma- 
nured, and prepared in every respect as if intended for a 
kitchen garden. A flower garden should be protected from 
cold cutting winds by close fences, or plantations of shrubs, 
forming a close and compact hedge, which should be neatly 
trimmed every year. Generally speaking, a flower gar- 
den should not be on a large scale, the beds or borders 
should in no part of them be broader than the cultivator 
can reach, without treading on them : the shape and num- 
ber of the beds must be determined by the size of the 
ground, and the taste of the person laying out the garden. 

Much of the beauty of a pleasure garden depends on the 
manner in which it is laid out ; a great variety of figures 
may be indulged in for the flower beds. Some choose oval 
or circular forms, others squares, triangles, hearts, diamonds, 
&c., intersected with winding grass paths and gravel vvaljis. 
In the design of an ornamental garden, nature however 
should be imitated as nearly as practicable, not only in the 
formation and regulation of the flower beds, but in the adap- 
tation ofeach species to its peculiar element, soil, and situa- 
tion, taking into consideration, that the inmates of a garden 
constituting as they do a mingled groupe, collected from all 



12 OBSERVATIONS ON THE r-LOWER GARDEN. 

the different climates and soils of the vegetable creation 
require each their most essential aliment, to pronlote a 
luxuriant growth. 

Neatness should be the prevailing characteristic of a 
flower garden, which should be so situated as to form an 
ornamental appendage to the house ; and, where circum- 
stances will admit, placed before windows exposed to a 
southern or south-eastern aspect. The principle on which 
it is laid out, ought to be that of exhibiting a variety of 
colour and form, so blended as to produce one beautiful 
whole. In a small flower garden, viewed from the windows 
of a house, this effect is best produced by beds, or borders, 
formed on the side of each other, and parallel to the win- 
dows from whence they are seen, as by that position the 
colours show themselves to the best advantage. In a retired 
part of the garden, a rustic seat may be formed, over and 
around which grape vines, or honeysuckles, and other 
sweet and ornamental creepers and climbers, may be trained 
on trellises, so as to afford a pleasant rural retreat. 

In extensive pleasure grounds a rockery, formed of rough 
stone, and rich light soil, may be erected in imitation of a 
mountain, on which maybe cultivated various plants natives 
of mountainous districts, and such indigenous plants as are 
calculated for the situation, also herbaceous plants, pro- 
cumbent and trailing, such as Mesembryanthemums, 
Climbing Cordydalis, the various species of Silene, or Catch 
Fly, Gypsophila, Lotus, Ricota or Syrian Honesty, Go- 
detia, &c. These being interspersed with dwarf plants of 
different species, as Mountain Lychnis, Violets, Daisies, 
&c., and so arranged as to cover a great proportion of the 
rocky surface, must necessarily produce a very pleasing 
effect. 

Although the greatest display is produced by a general 
flower garden, that is, by cultivating such a variety of sorts 
in one bed or border, as may nearly insure a constant 
blooming ; yet bulbous plants, while essential to the per- 



OBSERVATIONS ON THE FLOWER GARDEN. 13 

fection of the flower garden, lose something of then* peculiar 
beauty when not cultivated by themselves. The extensive 
variety of bulbous roots furnishes means for the formation 
of a garden, the beauty of which, arising from an intermix- 
ture of every variety of form and colour, would well repay 
the trouble of cultivation, particularly as by a judicious 
selection and management, a succession of bloom may be 
kept up for some length of time. As, however, bulbous 
flowers lose their richest tints about the same time that 
Annuals begin to display their beauty, there can be no 
well-founded objection to the latter being transplanted into 
the bulbous beds, so that the opening blossoms of the 
Annuals may fill the place of those just withered, and con- 
tinue to supply the flower-beds with all the gaiety and 
splendour of the floral kingdom. 

The cultivation of Annual Flowers is a delightful employ- 
ment, and well adapted to the amusement of a Lady, who, 
with the assistance of a labourer to prepare the ground, may 
turn a barren waste into a beauteous flower garden with her 
own hands. Sowing the seeds, transplanting, watering and 
training the plants, tying them to sticks as props, leading 
them over trellis work, and gathering their seed, are all 
suitable for feminine occupation, and from their afl'ording 
motives for exercise in the open air, they contribute greatly 
to healthy and tranquillity of mind. 

But the taste of the florist will be exercised to little pur- 
pose, in the selection of Flowers, if strict attention be not 
paid to the general state of the garden. If there are lawns 
or grass walks, they should be frequently trimmed, and 
more frequently mowed and rolled, to prevent the grass 
from interfering with the flower-beds, and to give the 
whole a neat, regular, carpet-like appearance If there are 
gravel walks, they should be frequently cleaned, replenished 
with fresh gravel, and rolled. Box, and other edgings, 
should be kept clear of weeds, and neatly trimmed every 
Spring. Decayed plants should be removed, and replaced 

2 



14 ANNUAL FLOWER SEEDS, 

with vigorous ones from the nursery bed. Tall flowering 
plants must be supported by neat poles or rods ;* and all 
dead stalks and leaves from decayed flowers must be fre- 
quently removed. 

In the summer season, all kinds of insects must be timely 
destroyed, and in the evenings of warm days, the flowers 
will require frequent watering. 

INTRODUCTION TO THE CATALOGUE OF 

ANNUAL FLOWER SEEDS. 



To raise your flowers, various arts combine ; 
Study these well, and fancy's flight dechne. 
if you would have a vivid, vigorous breed, 
Of every kind, examine well the seed: 
Learn to what Elements your plants belong, 
What is their constitution, weak or strong ; 
Be their physician, careful of their lives, 
And see that every species daily thrives ; 
These love much Air, these on much Heat rely, 
These without genial Moisture, droop and die. 
Supply the wants of each, and they will pay 
For all your care through each succeeding day. 



With a view to render this work more generally interest- 
ing, a classification and definition of the various species and 
varieties embraced in the annexed Catalogue, is attempted. 
Precision, however, in the performance of this task is im- 
practicable, as it must be conceded that the vegetable fa- 
mily, having been collected from all the varied climates and 
soils, will differ as to height, complexion, time of blossoming, 
and in many other essential points, when cultivated out of 
their natural Element. 

Some seeds germinate in two or three days after being 
deposited in the earth ; other species will not exhibit signs 
of vegetation under as many weeks. These and other dis- 
tinguishing features arise, in a great measure, from their 
having originated in diverse soils and clinijjtes. Natives 



ANNUAL FLOWER SEEDS. 15 

of cool or temperate climates and moist soils, are generally 
tardy in germinating when cultivated in a warm climate and 
dry soil, for want of a due share of their most essential 
aliment, Moisture ; and natives of warm climates and 
light soils, require artificial culture in cool seasons, and 
unpropitious climates, in order to their being accommo- 
dated with their natural and most important aliment. Heat. 
Air is also a more necessary aliment to some species than 
to others, but these three elements collectively, constitute 
the food of plants in general. It may be also observed that 
the adaptation of plants to a soil congenial for them, is of 
the utmost importance ; as plants cannot thrive well, when 
improper food is absorbed by their roots. 

Under favorable circumstances, annual flower plants, in 
general, will produce their flower buds within two months 
fi'om the period of sowing the seed. Some species, soon 
after exhibiting their brilliant blossoms, disappear, while 
others embellish the borders by their successional bloom for 
two or three months. An assortment of seed judiciously 
selected, and sown in due season, will afford amusement to 
the cultivator the greater part of a summer, and yield seed 
for the propagation of the species in succeeding years, if 
gathered when ripe, and carefully preserved. 

Annual plants will grow from one to four feet in height, 
in one uniform soil and situation, but as these are diversified 
in almost every garden, no correct conclusion can be drawn ; 
an attempt, however, has been made in the annexed cata- 
logue, to describe the various species as nearly as possible, 
which may serve as a guide to the gardener in planting ; 
the most dwarfish being adapted to the front or outer edge 
of the borders, and others in regular gradation. 

Those species marked thus, § are tender. Those marked 
thus, * should be sown in the spot where they are intended 
to blossom, as they are apt to droop and die by being trans- 
planted. A few are marked thus, f . These though culti- 
vated as annuals, from their facilities in blossoming and 



16 ANNUAL FLOWER SEEDS. 

ripening their seed the first season, are in reality peren- 
nial, as are also some other varieties from warm climates, 
usually denominated annuals ; but as such could not be 
cultivated at all by those who have no means of protecting 
their plants through our severe winters, they may with 
great propriety be treated as tender annuals, by sowing tiie 
seed every Spring. 

A CATALOGUE OF 

ANNUAL FLOWER SEEDS. 
Graincs de Jleures annuelles. 



^ Denotes tender, f Perennial. ' Difficult to transplant. HEIGHT 

IN FEET 

^SAgeratum, Mexican, blue, Agcratiim Mexicana lto2 

Alkekengi, or Kite Flower, lilac. Atropa phijsaloides 3 <a 4 

tAlyssum Sweet, white. Ahjssum maritima 1 

i^LAmarantlms, three-coloured. Amarantkus tricolor 2 to 3 

*Argemone, or Prickly Poppy; yel- Argemonc Mexicana, grandijtora, 

low, cream colour and v/hite. ochrolenca, etc. 2 to 4 

Astor, Chinese and German, white, Aster, Chinensis, var. alba, rubra, 

red, striped, purple, ifec. striata, purpurea, etc. \to2 

§ Balsams; three species and jiume- Balsamina hortensis, Mastersiana, 

rous varieties, scarlet, striped, cornuta,coccinea, striata, purpinea 

purple, crimson, white, &c- alba, etc 1 to 2 

§Bartonia, the Golden. Bartonia aurea. 2 to 3 

Bladder Ketmia, butF, dark centre. Hibiscus trionum Ito 2 

Blue Bottle great. Centaur ea cyanus, major 3 <o 4 

Blue Bottle, snail. Ccntaurca cyanus, minor I to 2 

Blumenbachin, white. Blnmcnbaclda.^insignis, under 1 

^Browaliia, orxAmethyst, blue,v/hite. Browallia elata, alba, etc. 1 to 2 

^Cacalia, scarlet, Cacalia coccinea lt0'2 

Calliopsis; Drummond's Coreopsis. Calliopsis Drummondii 2io3 

Calandrina Annual, crimson. Calandrina speciosa , etc. lto2 

tCalandrina, rose and purple tinged. Calandrina discolor, etc. 2to3 

* Candytuft, white and purple. Iberisalba, purpurea, etc, 1 

"^Catch Fly, purple and red, Silenc purpurea, muscipula,etc.2to3 

Catch Fly, dwarf pink, spotted, &c. Silcne Armeria, picta, etc. lto2 
'Caterpillars, Hedge Hogs and Medicago circinnata^intertexta, 

Snails, curious. scutelluta^ (tc I to 2 



ANNUAL FLOWER SEEDS. 17 

$DonotM tender, t Perenoial. * Difficult to trtniplant. HEIGHT 

IN FEET 

Centaurea, or pink sultan. Centaurea Americana 2 fo 3 

China Pink, of every shade . Dianthus, Chinensis, annuus 1 to 2 

§GIeome, rose coloured, white, &e. Cleome rosea, spinoca, etc. 2 to 3 
Chrysanthemum, white, yellow Chrysanthemum, coronarium, 

and three-coloured. alba, lutea, tricolor, etc. 2 ^o 3 

Clarkia, rose, purple, white, &e. Clarkia elegans, pulchella.etc. ] to2 
$Clintonia, elegant blue. Clintonia elegans. 1 to2 

$ Cockscomb, crimson and yellow, Celocia cristata, lutea 2 to 3 

$Collinsia, lilac, white, two-coloured ColUnsia hetrophilla, bicolor2to 3 
CommeUna, blue-flowering. Commelina cwlestis 1 

'Convolvulus, dwarf variegated «&c. Convolvulus minor, tricolor \ to2 
Coreopsis, Golden, dark centre. Calliopsis tinctoria. 3 to 4 

^Cotton Plant, cream. Gossypium herbaceum 3'o 4 

Crotalaria, purple, yellow and white Crotalaria verrucosa, etc, '[to2 

Cuphea Mexican, scarlet, variegated Cuphea lanceolata, etc. lto2 

tDahlia, Mexican, various. Dahlia superflua 3 ^o6 

Devil in the Bush, or Love in a Mist, Nigella damascena, Hispanica, 

blue, yellow, purple, white, &c. orientalis, sativa, etc. 1 to 2 

Dwarf Love in a Mist, various Nigella nana 1 

tDew Plant, crimson. Mesembryanthcmum glabrumlto2 

tDidiscus, azure blue. Didiscus cair ulcus. -2 to 3 

$Egg Plant, white, for ornament. Solajium melongena ito^ 

tEschscholtzia or Chryseis, yellow, Eschscholtzia, crocea, cristata, 

red and orange. Calif ornica, etc. ' i 

Eternal Flower, yellow, purple Xeranthemum lucidum, var, lutea, 

and white, bracteatum, alba. ' ^ to 3 

Euphorbia, variegated. Euphorbia variegata. 2 to 3 

^Evening Primrose, dwarf annual, Oenothera linearis, Drummondii 
white, yellow, red, &c. ietraptera, micrantha, etc. 1 'to 2 

Evening Primrose, large yellow. Oenothera grandiflora 2 to 3 

^Evening Primrose, willow leaved, Oenothera salcifolia 3 to 4 

Feather Grass. stipa pinnalu, avenacea 1 to § 

Flos Adonis, or Pheasant Eye,red. Adonis minata 1 to 2 

tFrancoa, pink and purple. Francoa appcndiculata 1 to 2 

Garidella, Nigella like. Qaridella nigellastmm 1 to 2 

Giha, blue, pink, variegated, &c. GUia capitala, tricolor, etc. 2 

$ Globe Amaranthus, crimson.white. Gomphrena globosa 1 to 2 

Grove Love, blue. Nemophila insignis i 

tGodetia, the Twiggy, purple. Godetia viminea 3 to 1 

Godet.a the Ruddy, annual. Godetia rubricunda 2 to 3 

Godetia i dwarf, purple and spotted. Godetia lepida,Lyndleyana etc. 1 to^^ 

2* ' " 



18 ANNUAL FLOWER SEEDS. 

^Denotes tender, t Perennial. * Difficult to transplant. " HEIGHT 

IN FEET 

*Gypsophila, pink and white. Gypsophila elegans, viscosa* I to 2 

Hawkweed, yellow and red Crepisbarhata, rubra. } lo2 

^ Hibiscus, y ello w, with redish centre Hibiscus Afrkanus 2toZ 

*Horued Poppy, yellow and scarlet. Glauccwn luteum, phoeniceum 2toZ 
tHunnemania, brilliant yellow. Hunnemania famarix folia 3 to A 

Hypecoum, three species, yellow. Hypecoum, procumbens, etc. lto2 
§ Ice Plant, white. Mesembryauthemum chrystalinum I 

tJacobea, purple, spotted, &c. Scnecio purpurea, elegans etc. 

Job's Tears, gray. Coix lachryma, Jobi 

Larkspur, dwarf Rocket, white, blue, Delphinium ajacis. albi 

purple, ijink and other colours, ccerulea, purpurea, etc. 

Larkspur, branching, similar variety Delphinium consoJida, etc. 
Lavatera, red, purple and white. Lavatera, triinestris, alba, etc. 
Love lies bleeding, crimson. Amaranthus melancholicus 

Lunaria, purple. Lunaria purpurea 

* Lupins, dwarf annual, yellow, pur- Lupinus nanus, densi' 

pie, rose, two coloured. &c. florus, bi-color, etc. 

Malesherbia, blue. Malesherbia coronata 

*Malope, tall scarlet Malope grandiflora 

*Malope, dwarf crimson, rose. Malope trifida, malacoidea 

Marigold, African, yellow, orange. Tageles erccta 
Marigold, French, variegated, 2\igetes patula 

Marigold, sweet, yellow striped Calendula officinalis 
§Marigold, Fig. yellow Mesembryanthenium, annuus 

Martynia, or, Cuckold's Horn. Marty nia probosddea 

tMarvel ofPeru, or Four O'Clocks, Mirabilis jalapa, lutea, rubra, 

white yellow, red, striped, scented striata, longijlora,etc. 2 to3 
tMignonette, sweet scented. Reseda odorata under 1 

tMonkey Flower, yellow, scarlet, Mimulus moschalus, cardinalis^ 

rose, &c. variegated, rivularius,roseus,etc. 1 to2 

^Nierembergia, several varieties of Nierembergia intermedia, violaeea^ 

various colours. phanida^etc. 2 to 3 

Nolana in varieties, blue; Nolana paradoxia,prosirata,etcl to 2 

*Oats, animated. Avena sensitiva 2 to 3 

tPansey or Heart's Ease, purple, Viola, tri-color^ grandijlora, 

blue, yellow, and numerous shades, atro purpurea, ccerulea, 

variegated. lutea, etc. under 1 

Pentaptes, scarlet. Pentapfes phanicia 2 

Plilox, Annual, rosy red. &c. Phlox Drummondvi, ^e. lto2 

Pimpernel, blue and scarlet. Anagallis indica, arvensis 1 

''Poppy, large white and scarlet. Papaver somniferiim, coccinea3to4 



lto2 


2 to 3 


1 to 2 


2 to 3 


4 to 6 


2 to 3 


I to 2 


Mo 2 


2to3 


3to4 


I to 2 


3/0 4 


2to3 


ito2 


1 


2 to 3 



ANNUAL FLOWER SEEDS. 19 

§ Denotes tender, f Perennial, * DiffiouU to traneplant HEIGHT 

IN FEET 

*Poppy dwarf, scarlet,- white, yel- Papaver rhaas, nudicale Persi- 

low, striped, Persian red, &c. cum, rubra, striata, etc, 1 to 2 

Prince's Feather, crimson. Amaranthus hypocondriacus 2 ^o 3 

Rocket Candytuft, white. Iberis coronaria 1 to 2 

Rose Campion, annual, dwarf red, Agrostevima, call rosea, githago^ 

purple, white, striped, &c. laela,ctc. 1 
Salpiglossis, variegated, purple, &c- Salpiglos.^is, alropupurea 2 to 3 

k?ai)honaria or Silene, rose Saphonaria vaccaria 2 to3 

tSchizanthus in variety, orange, Schizanthus retusus, pinnaius 

wing-leaved, &c. obtusifolia , etc; lto2 

Scabious, or Mourning Bride purple Scabiosa atro puipurea 2to3 

$ Sensitive Plant, red Mimosa scnsitir a under 1 

Shortia, yellow. Shortia Califurnica I to 2 

Stock Gilly, Virginian, lilac. Malcomia maritima \ 

Strawberry Spinach, red fruit. Blitum capitatum \ to2 

Strephtanthus, rose coloured. Strephtnnlhus ohlusifolius 2/o3 

Sunflower, yellow. Helianthus annuus GtoS 

Sunflower dwarf, yellows Helianthus minor ^ nanus 2i!o3 

Sun Rose, spotted. Helianthemum guttatum lto2 

*Sweet Balm, blue. Melissa odoratum lto2 

*Sweet Basil, blush, lilac, Ocj/mum basiliacum 1 to2 

Sweet Sultan, white, yellow, purple Centaurea moschata, etc. \ to2 

*Ten Week Stock, scarlet, purple, Mathiola annua varieties 

white, &Ci graca, tetiella etc, 1 to2 
^Tobacco in varieties, scarlet, yellow Nicotiana, tabacum rustica 3 to 4. 

Touch me not, yellow. Nolivii tangere \ 

Trefoil, crimson and scented. Trifoiium incarnatum, etc. 3 to i 

* Venus' Looking Glass, lilac. Campanula speculum \to2 

Vesicaria in varieties, yellow. Vesicaria grandijiora, etc 2 to 3 
tVerbena in varieties, scarlet, rose. Verbena aublctia,bonariensis, 

blue, lilac, pink, &c. Drummondii, pulchella,etc. \to2 

Zinnia, scarlet, yellow, violet Zinnia coccinea,latea, grandijiora 

coloured, red, &c. rubra, etc, 2 to 3 

The following are climbing and trailing plants, which 
should be planted in situations, where they can be sup- 
ported by poles, twine, or trellises. 

The tallest growing vines and creepers are best adapte d 
to the covering of arbours, to create shade, or conceal any- 
unsightly object ; the procumbent trailing and low climbing 
plants, such as the Nasturtium, Loasa, Petunia, Sweet 



20 



ANNUAL FLOWER SEEDS. 



Pea, &c. may be trained on trellis work of an ornamental 
form, as that of a fan, balloon, or pyramid, which should 
be on a scale corresponding to the situation and extent of 
the garden. 

Balloon Vine, or Love in a Puff Cardiospermum halicacabum over 10 
$Balsam, Apple and Pear Momordica balsamina over 10 

Bean Hyacinth, white and purple Dolkhos afba, purpurea over 10 
$ Bean, scarlet flov/ering PkaseoLus multijlorus over 10 

Bean, Castor Oil or Palma christi. Ricinus Communis 5 to 6 

§ Cypress Vine, scarlet and white Ipomaa coccinea, alba, over 10 

Gourd, Mock Orange, in varieties Cucurbita bicolor, aurantia over lO 
Gourd the Bottle, in varieties. Cucurbita lageriaria, elavata 10 

§Loasa or Chilian Nettle, orange Loasa lateritia, aurantiaca etc 3 ^o 6 
$ Morning Glory, scarlet striped, &c. Ipomaa coccinea, striata, etc over 10 
Morning Glory, of the Convolvulus Convolvulus major, purpurea^ 
tribe, purple, striped, yellow, ccerulea, striata, lutea, incarnata, 
pink, white, &c, alba etc over 10 

Nasturtium, orange and crimson Tropceolum atrosanguineum 

variegated. nana etc A to & 

$Thunbergia,wing-leaved, purple Thunbergia alata 4 to 6 

tPetunia, purple, white rose iSj-c. Petunia nyctaginijlora^ etc. 2 to 3 

Sweet Peas, various complexions, Lathyrus odoratus, var. alba, pur- 

white, purple, red, rose, striped &c. purea, rosea, striata, eic^ 3 to 4 

As many city gardens are so limited as not to admit of 
an extensive assortment of flowers, a select list may be 
made from the above catalogue to suit the taste of such as 
may be so situated ; and amateurs, who cultivate on a larger 
scale, can obtain such additional sorts as may be desired at 
the different seed stores, under their various names. 

Previous to providing annual flower seeds, the cultivator 
should lay out a plan of his garden, and in making 
allotments of ground for any particular purpose, provision 
should be made for a select assortment of such bulbous, 
tuberous, and perennial plants, as may be deemed most 
worthy of attention, not forgetting to leave room for some 
of the choicest varieties of the Dahlia, the qualities of which 
will he described hereafter. 



ANNUAL FLOWER SEEDS. 21 

Another consideration is, to have suitable implements 
ready, so that the work may be performed in a skilful 
manner, and at the proper season, A spade, rake, hoe> 
trowel, drilling machine, and pruning knife, may be deemed 
essentials ; and in order to have the beds laid out, with the 
edges straight and even, a garden line should be in rea- 
diness. If labels should be required, they may be made of 
shingles, which being split into strips of about an inch wide, 
and sharpened at one end, will serve for marking distinct 
kinds, either in pots, or on the borders. In order to have 
the names or numbers written in legible characters, the 
labels should be painted on the smooth side with white lead, 
and then m;uked with black lead pencil before the paint 
gets dry ; inscriptions made in this way, will be as durable 
as the label itself. 

The next, and perhaps the most important consideration) 
is, to have the ground in good condition to receive the seed. 
Iq order to obtiiin this desirable object, let some good rich 
compost, or very old manure, be provided and well mixed 
with the soil ; dig it a full spit deep, pulverizing every 
particle. It would be an advantage if the ground could be 
dug to a great depth at the clearing up of Winter, and then 
again at the period of sowing seed in the Spri^jg : 

"I come, I come — ye have called me long — 
I come o'er the mountains with light and song ! 
Ye may trace my steps o'er the wakening earth, 
By the wuids which tell of the Violet's birth, 
By the Primrose-stars in the shadowy grass, 
By the green leaves opening as I pass." 

A mellow loam, which is a medium earth between the 
extremes of clay and sand, enriched with pulverized manure 
or compost, is adapted to the generality of flowering 
plants; ground however of a boggy nature, composed ot 
black earth, decayed leaves, &,c., and in a low situation, 
is essential to the luxuriant growth of amphibious plants, 
as Water Lilies, Iris, Lobelia, and the like, but as the 
cultivator has iiot always a choice, he may select such 



22 ANNUAL FLOWER SEEDS. 

plants only, as are most congenial to his peculiar soil and 
situation. 

Previous to digging flower beds or borders, care must be 
taken that they be so arranged as to lay rather highest in 
the middle; this is essential to the draining off a redun- 
dancy of water, as well as to the exhibition of plants to the 
greatest possible advantage. 

All kinds of annual flower seeds may be sown in the 
month of April and May, on borders or beds of pulverized 
earth ; the beds should be levelled, and the seeds sown 
either in small jiatches, each kind by itself, or in drills from 
an eighth to half an inch deep, according to the size or 
nature of the seed. Lupins, Peas, &.c., should be planted 
about half an inch deep. Those who would have their plants 
to flower early, should sow the hardy kinds the last week in 
March, or early in April. Those varieties marked thus "f^ 
and thus § may be sown in boxes, or pots of light earth, at 
the same time. These, if exposed to the sun every day, and 
sheltered in cold nights, will be forwarded in growth and be 
fit to transplant early in June, Those marked *, may be 
also sown in small pots, and as these plants do not bear 
transplanting, they should be turned out of the pots with the 
balls of earth entire, and placed in the ground where they 
are intended to flower ; or, if the seed be sown in a bed with 
other kinds, thev should be carefully transplanted with a 
trowel, without disturbing their roots. 

The most eligible way to obtain early flowers is to prepare 
a slight hot bed for the tender kinds, (see calendar for Janu- 
ary) and either to plunge the pots therein up to their brims, 
or to sow the seed in the e^rth in shallow drills, not more 
than a quarter of an inch deep. It may be necessary to state 
tliat although in favourable seasons, flower seed in general 
will come up in from one to three weeks after it is sown, 
the seed of Cypress vine will not grow until settled warm 
weather, unless in a hot bed ; it should then be partially 
scalded in water, previous to sowing it. 



ANNUAL FLOWER SEEDS. 23 

Tf some of the hardy annuals be sown in September, they 
will grow large enough to survive the Winter, by a slight 
covering of straw or litter ; and if plants thus raised be 
transplanted early in the Spring, they will produce very 
early flowers. The following are some of the hardiest : 
Alyssum, sweet Evening Primrose 

Coreopsis, in varieties Larkspur, in varieties 

China aster, in varieties Pansey, or Heart's ease 

Catch fly I'oppy, in varieties 

Chrysanthemum, in varieties Rocket Larkspur. 

To prevent disappointment, I would recommend that great 
care be taken to keep the seed beds as clear from weeds 
as possible. It cannot be denied but young plants are apt 
to get smothered, and sometimes pulled up with weeds. 
To obviate this, I would suggest that the seeds be sown in 
shallow drills, each kind by itself, and that an account be 
kept of the contents of each drill in a book ; also of all seeds 
that are sown at different times, and by being particular in 
the dates, you may always know when to expect your plants 
to come up. Those persons who may be totally unac- 
quainted with plants, will, by this means, be enabled to 
identify each particular kind, and thus become familiarly 
acquainted with them.* In order that this may be rendered 

* Lest the reader should contend that the author is hereby shifting 
his own duty and responsibihty on the cultivator, it may be necessary to 
observe that a definition of all the peculiar qualities^ forms, attitudes 
and habits of growth, of the numerous species and varieties of plants, 
embraced in an extensive catalogue, with minute directions for the 
most appropriate culture of each, would alone occupy more space 
than is allotted for this treatise, and that to expatiate on all the various 
features of the floral kingdom, is a task which no author has ever 
attempted; nor can any library be found, containing such a desideratum. 

The cultivator of a small garden may, however, by means of a memo- 
randum book, describe the peculiarities of such plants as come under 
his special care, as upright, procumbent, trailing, climbing, bushy, 
slender stalked, herbaceous, shrubby, &c., and thus leavn how to 
cultivate and arrange the same, or similar plants, advantageously it! 
pucceeding years; and it must be admitted that a few flowers selected, 
90 as to harmonize in their colours and habits of growth, cultivated 
with precision, as respects soil and situation congenial to them, and 
trained and pruned into regular and compact shapes, will yield more 
pleasure and amusement,than three times the number taken promiscuous- 
ly and cultivated under one uniform treatment, as is the general, though 
not most judicious practice. 



24 ANNUAL FLOWER SEEDS. 

plain to my readers, I adopt the following plan of entry of 
six kinds sown in pots, and six in the open ground: 

April 20, sowed flower seeds in pots. 

Pot marked A, or 1, Amaranthiis tricolor. 

B, or 2, Balsamines. 

C, or 3, Cockscomb. 

D, or 4, Eggplant. 

E, or 5, Ice plant. 

F, or 6, Mignonette. 

These pots may be either marked with letters, or figures 
on the outside, to answer with the book, or notches maybe 
cut in wood, or other labels affixed to the pots, and entered 
accordingly. 

April 30, sowed flower seeds in drills, as under 
No; 1, Bladder Ketmia. 

2, Coreopsis Tinctoria. 

3, Yellow eternal flower. 

4, Globe amaranthus. 

5, Princes' feather. 

6, Larkspur, branching. 

tf these numbers be continued to 100, or even 1000, there 
can be no mistake, provided the rows are all marked accord* 
ing to the entry in the book ; or if No. 1 be noted, plain 
sticks will answer afterwards, if one be stuck at each end 
of every row. In this case it would be well to leave a space 
every ten or twenty rows, and to note the number of the 
rows ; by this means, they can be more easily traced. 

Some species of dwarf Annuals, such as the sweet 
Alyssum, Candytuft, Clarkia Pulchella, Mignonette, Pira- 
pernell, and such others as grow not over a foot in height, 
may be cultivated in small beds, either separate or two or 
three kinds mixed together. Clarkia pvdchella suits very 
well with Mignonette, as it will thrive in moderately poor 
soil, which is the best adapted for that plant when fragrance 
is an object. The reason that some Mignonette has 
scarcely any scent, is, because the soil in which it is culti' 



ANNUAL FLOWEltl SEEDS. 2$ 

vated is too rich ; and this leads me to remark further, that 
what some call Tree Mignonette, and admire on account of 
its fragrance, is the same variety as the ordinary kind, 
cultivated as a perennial plant. It may be propagated by 
cuttings, and trained so as to form a tree ; which being 
transplanted into poor ground, will yield more fragrance 
than when grown as an annual in a rich compost or soil. 

The best way to manage the mixed species, is to level 
down a narrow border of rather poor soil, and sow it all 
over with Mignonette, then with Clarkia pulchella ; when 
the plants are up, both kinds should be thinned out equally, 
so as to leave the plants from one to two inches apart all 
over the bed ; these when they come into blossom will form 
a rich mass, and have a very pretty effect, the bushiness of 
the Mignonette hiding the naked stalks of the Clarkia. 
The White Alyssum and Purple Candytuft, form a pleasing 
contrast when mixed in equal proportions, and also the 
Dwarf Gilia and blue Pimpernell. 

The new species of Dwarf annual Phlox, Phlox Drum- 
mondii^ are described in a London Magazine as a splendid 
sight when cultivated in abed. "Every flower, though of 
the deepest carmine, has its petals of a pale blush colour on 
the under side, and every petal though of the palest pink, 
has a dark carmine spot at its base. Thus the variety of 
colours displayed in a bed of these flowers, almost exceeds 
description, and when they are seen under a bright sun, 
and agitated by a gentle breeze, the efl'ect is extraordinarily 
brilliant." 

When seeds are intended to be sown in patches, which 
is often done for want of an unoccupied border, the best 
way to perform this business is, after having pulverized 
the soil, to impress circular drills in the surface with the 
rim of a flower pot, which may be large or small, according 
to fancy. By sowing seeds in such circular drills, the plants 
can be more easily traced than when scattered promiscuously 
over the ground, and the weeds can be destroyed with less 

3 



26 BfENNIAL AND PERENNIAL FLOWEftS. 

risk and trouble. Such kinds as are marked in the cata- 
logue* may remain as sown, or if parted, they should be 
removed with a scoop trowel in a careful manner, in small 
tufts, and this business, as well as transplanting in general, 
should be always done immediately preceding, or after rain, 
and in cloudy weather. 

Herbaceous plants in general will not flower well, if grown 
in clusters; they should, therefore, be thinned or trans- 
planted into the regular beds, at all favourable opportuni- 
ties, after they get about an inch in length ; and as there is 
always a risk of some plants not taking root, it is safest to 
plant a few of each sort every time, taking care to diversify 
the colours, and also to leave a few plants in the seed beds, 
for the purpose of substituting in the room of such plants 
whose period of flowering may be over ; as is the case gene- 
rally with early Perennial plants and bulbs, at about the 
season that the last of the Annuals are fit to remove. 

The transplanting may be done with a small trowel, or a 
neat dibble made for the purpose. 



PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS 

TO THE CATALOGUE OP 

BIENNIAL 4- PERENNIAL FLOWER SEEDS. 



The remarks preceding our Catalogue of Annuals, will 
with few exceptions, apply to that of Biennials and Peren- 
nials ; and it may be observed further, that the circulation of 
the sap in roots and stalks of plants, is influenced by like 
causes, and subject to the same vicissitudes as the germin- 
ation of seed, which principle is exemplified by some plants 
of various species putting forth their leaves and flowers at a 
later period than others in the same location, as if waiting 
for nature to replenish the earth with food adapted to their 
respective requirements j which by the gradual change* 



BIENNIAL AND PERENNIAL FLOWERS. 27 

from cool to temperate, and from that to warm weather, 
is effected to that degree as to enable all the various species 
of plants, collected from every climate and soil under the 
Sun, to reward the industrious cultivator, by a gradual exhi- 
bition of their fascinating blossoms, and a distribution of their 
odoriferous sweets, throughout the three propitious seasons 
of the year, i.e. Spring, Summer and Autumn. 

In designating Biennials from the Perennials, I have only 
marked such as are apt to die after once blossoming, and 
which can only be renewed from seed. Some of those spe- 
cies, frequently classed with Biennials, as Aquilegia or 
Columbines, Dianthus, &c. are in reality Perennial, and 
may be easily perpetuated from year to year, by suckers, 
layers, or any of the ordinary methods of propagation ; and 
here I would observe, that frequent renewal of the roots of 
Perennials, is absolutely necessary to their prosperity or very 
existence ; and also that many species, are by nature best 
adapted for propagation at the footstalks, from their yielding 
little or no seed at the top of the plant. This is particularly 
the case with choice double-flowering plants, the roots of 
which, in many cases, constitute the seed ; these conse- 
quently must be pprpptiiated by root offsets, cuttings, &c. 

The annexed Catalogue embraces a great proportion of 
the most desirable of what are termed fibrous-rooted herba- 
ceous plants ; the seed or roots of which may be obtained at 
Seed Stores and Nurseries, The estimated height applies 
to plants of a year's growth ; some will arrive to more than 
three times that height when cultivated in a greenhouse, and 
even in open ground culture the same plants will vary con. 
siderably, according to the soil or situation in which they 
are grown ; the specified height however, although una- 
voidably imperfect, may serve as a guide to the gardener in 
arranging his flower beds. Those marked thus,! being ten- 
der, and half hardy will need protection in the Winter: those 
marked thus, || are Biennial : those marked thus, * yield 
little or HO seed. There are also many other species of which 



28 



BIENNIAL AND PERENNIAL FLOWERS. 



the seed is unattainable, from its being suffered to scatter bj 
the wind, and in some cases, from the climate being unfavour- 
able to its ripening ; these, as will be shown hereafter, may- 
be perpetuated by other methods. 



A CATALOGUE OF 



BIENNIAL AND PERENNIAL FLOWER SEEDS. 



Graines de fieurs bisannuelles et mvaces. 

T Denotes tender, 11 Biennial. * Seed unattainable. 



Adonis, Spring-flowering, yellow 

Al]3ine Columbine, purple 

Alyssum, yellow 

Asclepias, orange, purple, &c. 

Asiatic Globe flower, yellow 

tAuricula, variegated 

tBalm of Gilead, fragrant 

Bee Larkspur, blue and brown 

Bergamot, crimson, blue 

*tCanary Aster, purple 

tCalceolaria, various colours 



Adonis vernalis 
AquUcgia alpina '' 
Alyssum saxatile 
Asclepias incarnata, etc. 
TroUius A siaticus 
Prinmla auricula 
DraeocepJialum canariense 
Delphinium elatum 
Monarda Kahniana, didyma 
Cineraria amelloides 
Calceolaria variabilis 



Campanula Peren., blue, white, Sec. Campanula per sicafoliay etc. 



Campanula medium 
J^uphoi-bia lathyrus 
Lobelia cardinalis 
Cassia Marylandica 
Dianthus caryophyllus 



H Canterbury Bells, blue, white 

tCaper tree, green 

Cardinal flower, scarlet 

Cassia Maryland, yellow 

tCarnation Pink, various colours 

*tCelcia, red & yellow, variegated Celcia oiientalis 

Chinese Imperial Pink, various Dianthus Chinertsis 

tChinese Primrose, lilac, white Primula Chinensis uiider 

Clove Imperial Pink, crimson Dianthus hortensis 

tColutea, scarlet Sutherland iafrutescens 

*Coreopsis, Perennial, in varieties, Calliopsis grandiflora^lanceola- 

yellow turn, auriculata, etc. 2 fo S 

*tCoronilla, yellow Coronilla glauca 2 to Z 

* Coronet, or doubleLychnis,scarlet Lychnis coronata 2 to 3 

D Clary, purple topped Salvia sclara 1 to 2 

Columbine, various colours Aquilegia vulgaris 1 to 2 

*tDaisy Garden, various colours Bellis,perennis,hortensis,under 1 
Dragon's head, bluish pink Dracocephalum Virgiuianum 3 fo 4 



HEIGHT 
IN FEET 

2 to 3 
lta2 

1 

2 to 3 

Zto 4 

under 1 

1 
itoQ 
2 to 3 

1 
2 to 3 

2 to a 

2^0 3 

2 to 3 
3/0 4 

3 to A 

1 to 2 
lto2 
lto2 

I 
lto2 

2 to 3 



glE!^NlAL AND PERENNIAL FLOWERS. 



29 



Denote! teDder. 



Bisnnial. * Seed unattainable. 



HEIGHT 
IN FEET 



Dragon's head, purple and striped Dracocephalum argumense, etc. I to 2 



European Globe Flower, yellow 
fl Evening Primrose, yellow 
Eupatorium, blue, white 
(I Foxglove, purple, white 
Fraxinella, red, white 
Gentian, purple, yellow, white 
Gentian, porcelain flowered 
tGeranium, various colours 
Globe Thistle, purple 
IHepatica, blue, pink 
Hibiscus, pink, white, purple 
Hollyhock Antwerp, China and 

EngUsh, of various colours 
llHonesty, or Satin flower, blush 
tindian Shot, yellow, scarlet 
Ivy-leaved Toad Flax, pinli 
Jacob's Ladder, blue 
tJerusalem Cheny, red fruit 



TroUius EuropcBus 2 to 3 

(Enothera biennis 3 to 4 

Eupatorium cerulea, etc. 2 to 3 

Digitalis purpurea, alba 3 to i 

Dictamnus ruhra, alba 1 to 2 

Gentiana purpurea, lutea, etc. 1 

Genliana adscendens 2 to 2 

Pelargonium zonale 2 to 3 

Echinops spharocephalus 2 to 3 

Anemone hcpatica under 1 

Hibiscus palustris, speciosU8,etc-3 to i 
Althm flora Chinensis, 

Anglica, etc. A to 5 

Lunaria biennis 2 to 3 

Canna Indica, lutea, coccinea 2 

Lunaria cymbalaria 1 to2 

Polemonium cerideum 1 to 2 

Solanum pseudo, capsicum 2 to 3 



Larkspur, Perennial, purple, pink, Delphinium grandiflorum. 



white, &c. 
*Liatris, long spiked, purple 
"^Lily of the Valley, wiiite 
tLupin, Perennial, blue, white, 

changeable, &c. 
Lychnidea, or American Phlox, 

lilac, purple, red, white, &c. 
^Lychnidea, early, piuk, &c. 
*Lychnis Mountain, variegated 
Lychnis Scarlet 
London Pride, variegated 



peremiis 
Liatris spicata, elegans, tic. 
Convalleria majalis 
Lujnnus perennis, mutabiliSf 

variabilis, etc. 
Phlox paniculata accuminata 



2 to 3 

3 to 4 
1 

2^0 3 



pyramidalis odorata, etc. 3 to 4 
Phlox siibulata^stolon>fera,etc. 1 to 2 
Lychnis Alpina 1 to 2 

Lychnis Chalcedonica 3 to A 

Dianthus dcltoides 1 

tMesembryanthemum, variegated, Mesembryanthemum acinaci- 

yellow, white, purple, &c. forme, speetabile, tricolor, etc, 1 to 2 

tMexican Sage, scarlet Salvia Splendens 2 tad 

Monkshood, white, blue, &c. Aconitum album, versicolor^e. A to 6 

Monkey flower, yellow, purple spotsMiynulus ringens, luteus, etc. 1 to 2 



tOleander, pink, white 
*Pardanthus, Chinese, orange 
Pentstemon, purple 
Perennial Flax, purple 



Nerium, Oleander 
Pardanthus, Chinensis 
Pentstemon, campanulata 
Linum, perennis 



tPeriwinkle, Madagascar, ro8e,whiteriwca rosea, alba 

3* 



2to3 
2 
2to3 
2 to 3 
1/0 2 



30 BIENNIAL AND PERENNIAL FLOWER&. 

+ Denotes tender. || Biennial. * Seed unattftinable, HEIGHT 

IN FEET 

Pink, Pheasant-eyed, variegated Dianthus plumarius under 1 

tPolyanthug, variable and splendid Primula polyanthus under 1 

Poppy, Perennial, red, yellow Papaver orientale, hracteata 2 <o 3 

Poteiitilla, rose, puce, yellow Polenlilla formosa, splendens I to 2 

t|| Pyramidal Bell flower, blue Campanula pyramidalis 3 <o 4 

♦Qlueen of the Meadows, white, rose Spiroea ulmaria, lobata, etc. 3 /o 4 
^Ragged Robin, or Red Lichnis Jjf^rostemmajlos cucula 1 <o 2 

Rocket Garden, purple Hcsperis matronalis 2 to S 

IJRose Campion, or Mullen Pink, Agroslemma coronaria, 

rose, white, &c. rosea, alba, etc, 2 to 3 

Rudbeckia, yellow, purple Rudbeckia, lutea, purpurea 3 to 4 

Saphonaria, rose blush Saphonaria officinalis, etc. 1 io 2 

*Saxifrage. rose, white, purple Saxifraga umbrosa,rrassifolia,l 
I Snapdragon, white, red, variegated,^/) /irrAinwm bicolor, versicolor 

in several splendid varieties coccinea, spartium, etc. I to 2 

Sophora, white, blue, &c. Sophora alba, aulndis 2 /o 3 

t|| Stock Gilliflower, numerous varie-Mathiolaincaiius coccinea. alba, 

ties, scarlet^white, purple, striped purpurea, striata, etc. 1 lo 2 

*Sunflower, yellow Helianthus perennis,altissimus3 to 4 

[j Sweet Scabious, purple, brown Scabiosa alro purpurea, etc. 2 to 3 
Sweet William, various colours Dianthus barbalus I to 2 

*Thrift, pink and red Stalice vulgaris, speciosay under I 

Valerian, Garden, red, white Valeriana rubra, alba 2 to 3 

Valerian, Sweet-scented, blue Polemonium cerulea 3 /o 4 

Veronica, variegated, blue Veronica variegata, cerulea 2 to 3 

*Violet, Fragrant, white, blue, &c. Viola odorala, alba, cerulea, under 1 
tllWallflower, bloody, yellow Cheiranlhus cheiri \ to 2 

*tWallflower, double perennial Cheiranthus perennis \ to 2 

tyWall-leaved; Stock Gilliflower Cheiranlhus glaber 1 to 2 

*Windflower, various colours Anemone coronaria 1 to 2 

Yucca, or Adam's Needle, white Yucca stricla, gloriosa, etc. 3 to 4. 

CLIMBING FLAiNTS. 

For other lists of Climbing Plants, see Catalogue &f Flowering and 
Ornamental Shrubs, also the Catalogue of Annuals. 

Calampelis, orange Eccremocarpus scabra over 6 

tClimbing Cobea, dark purple Cobea scandena over 20 

Everlasting Peas, pink, Lathyrus latifoli s, rosea, over 10 

n French Honeysuckle, white, red Hedysarum coronarium, etc. over 6 

tPassjon Flower, various colours Passifora incarnata, etc. over 20 



BIENKIAL AND PERENNIAL FLOWERS. 31 

• 

The reader is here reminded that our catalogue of 
Annual flower seeds, contains a few varieties of Perennials, 
which were there introduced because of their aptness to 
blossom in the first season from the sowing of seeds ; these 
with those marked "f in the last catalogue, may be sown 
and treated in the manner recommended for the tender 
Annuals. Those intended to be cultivated as greenhouse 
plants, should be taken up before the approach of cold 
weather, transplanted into flower pots, and sheltered either 
in a garden frame, greenhouse, or light room. Those 
plants with tuberous roots, such as Dahlias, Marvel of Peru, 
and also some others of the Bean and Pea tribe, may be 
cut down late in the Autumn ; the roots may be then taken 
up and preserved in the same manner as those of other 
tuberous and bulbous-rooted plants, of which 1 shall treat 
hereafter. 

Hardy Biennial and Perennial flower seeds may be sown 
in the month of April, in shallow drills. If this business be 
performed in the manner recommended for Annuals, they 
can be easily distinguished from each other ; and as these 
plants do not flower the first year, they may be thinned out, 
or removed from the seed beds as soon as they are well 
rooted, and planted either into different parts of the flower 
beds, or in a nursery bed. Ifthe latter plan be adopted, 
they should be planted in rows a foot or more apart, and 
kept free from weeds by means of a small hoe, which will 
greatly promote their growth, and prepare them for trans- 
planting into the regular and permanent blossoming beds, 
either in the Autumn or early in the ensuing Spring. 

It may be here observed that Biennials seldom survive the 
second Winter to flower in perfection, unless they are renewed 
by cuttings of top shoots, young flower stalks, or casual ofi*sets, 
layers, &c. It will be unnecessary to take this trouble, 
unless it be with any extraordinary double-flowering plants. 
Some of the Perennials may be increased by root offsets 
detached from the old plants, and planted in Spring or 



blENNfAL ANI3 ^EUENJ^tAL PLANtS. 9^ 

Autumn ; others by bottom suckers and slips of top shoots, 
layers, pipings of young shoots, &c. Pinks, SweetWilliams 
Pansies and double Violets, also Periwinkle, or running 
Myrtle, and many other similar plants, may be increased 
by simply laying their branches an inch or two under the 
surface in July and August. After roots have formed, 
which may be expected in six or eight weeks, each tuft or 
plant may be transplanted into the borders. 

Many sorts of Biennial and Perennial flower seeds may 
be sown in September, or as soon as ripe ; and if the 
plants get strong before the setting in of Winter, some of 
them will flower the Summer next ensuing. The following 
are amongst the hardiest : 

Adonis, Spring-flowenng. Lychnis, in varieties , 

Alpine Columbine. Larkspur, perennial. 

Alyssum, yellow. Rose Campion, in varieties. 

Bee, larksj^ur. Rocket, in varieties. 

Columbine, in varieties. Scabious, in varieties. 

Evening Primrose. Valerian, Garden. 

Fox-glove, in varieties. Veronica. 

Fraxinella. Everlasting Peas, ^climbinc' 

Hollyhock, in varieties. Virgin's BoWer. 5 "^ 

It may be necessary here to remind the reader of those 
species of beautiful double-flowering Perennial herba- 
ceous plants, v/hich do not produce seed ; some of these 
are included in our Catalogue, they may be obtained at the 
nurseries, and should be introduced into the regular flower 
beds, either in Autumn or early in the Spring ; the mode of 
increasing such, is by layers, cuttings, offsets, &c. detach- 
ed from the old plants. 

As the earth within the flower beds will need to be 
fresh dug and replenished with good compost or manure, 
once in two or three years, it may be necessary lo take up 
all the Perennial plants at such times. Such roots as may 
be overgrown, should be deprived of their surplus offsets, 
and may be either planted in a nursery bed, or returned 
with the parent plants into the regular flower beds ; they 
should be inserted a little deeper than before, and the fine 
fresh earth distributed well about the fibres. 



BIENNIAL AND PERENNIAL PLANTS. 33 

In removing plants into the beds where they are intended 
to blossom, great pains should be taken to preserve some of 
the earth to their roots. The ground should be previously 
brought into good condition, so that they may strike freely, 
and produce their flowers in perfection. TJie plants should 
be so arranged that they may all be seen, the most dwarfy 
may be placed in front, and others m a regular gradation to 
the tallest behind ; or the tallest may be planted along the 
middle of the beds, and the others on each side according 
J;o their varied heights and colours. 

There is no part of gardening which requires so much 
elegance of taste and fancy, as in setting off a border or bed 
of intermixed flowers to advantage. In assemblage with 
other flowers, the different kinds of hardy bulbs may be 
planted in small clumps of six, seven, or eight inches in 
diameter, three, four, five or more roots in each, according 
to their size and growth, and these at suitable distances 
from one another. Likewise observe to diversify the kinds 
and colours, so as to display when in bloom, the greatest 
possible variety of shades and contrasts^ 

If Greenhouse plants be plunged into the flower borders 
in the month of May, they will not only tend to ornament 
the garden, by their diversity of foliage and blossom, but the 
roots will receive a more uniform supply of moisture, than 
if the pots were openly exposed to the sun and wind: care 
should however be taken to give the different species a situa- 
tion suitable for them. Hydrangeas, Primulas, Daisies, 
Oleanders, Cammelias, China Roses, and half hardy plants 
in general, thrive best in a moderately shaded situation. 
Geraniums, Jasmines, Helotropes &:c., may be plunged in a 
sunny situation, provided they be regularly supplied with, 
water. Many species planted for ornament in the flower 
borders, may at the same time be propagated by layers. 
The Fuchsia or Ear-drop, Passion Flower, Helotrope, 
Carnation, Petunia, running Verbena, &:c., will iflayed in 
June and July, exhibit their blossoms in perfection, and 



34 BIENNIAL AND PERENNIAL PLANTS. 

yield young plants, which being preserved through Winter, 
may be used to replenish flower beds the ensuing Spring.* 

It may be observed further, that established plants will 
always produce their blossoms earlier and stronger in the 
Spring, than those recently transplanted ; it should, there- 
fore, be an object with gardeners to do the business of 

* In some countries, the wealthy have changeable flower gardens; 
Uie principal of which consists in the power of changing its production 
at pleasure, so that whenever any plant or group of plants, begin to 
decay, they can be removed, and their places supplied by others coming 
into bloom. To admit this, a largeTeserve-nursery is requisite, in which 
the plants must be kept in pots, and removed and plunged in the borders 
as wanted. Sir W. Chambers informs us that the Chinese excel in this 
mode of gardening ; and that he has known a mandarin (or noblej have 
the whole furniture and style of his parterre changed in a single night, 
so as next morning to present not only a different description of flowers, 
shrubs, and dwarf trees, but a different arrangement of the beds and 
compartments. Something of the same kind is practised in the gardens 
of the Tuilleries, in Paris; in some of the imperial gardens at Petersburg, 
and in the vice-royal gardens at Monza- Gardens of this description 
admit of a very perfect arrangement of the flowers, whether in the 
mingled manner, in select groups, or according to the natural method. 
It is only with such resources that a flower-gardener can " paint his 
way," as Sir W. Chambers says the Chinese artists do, "not scattering 
their flowers indiscriminately about their borders, but disposing of them 
with great circumspection along the skirts of the plantations, or other 
places where fiov/ers are to be introduced. They reject all that are of a 
straggling growth of harsh colors and poor foliage, choosing only such 
as are of some duration, grow either large or in clusters, are of beautiful 
forms, well leaved, and of tints that hnrmoiiize with the greens that sur- 
round them They avoid all sudden transitions, both with regard to 
dimension and colour, rising gradually from the smallest flowers to those 
of the boldest growth; and varying their tints, by easy gradations, from 
white, straw-colour, i)urple, and incarnate, to the deepest blues, and most 
brilliant crimsons and scarlets. They frequently blend several roots 
together, whose leaves and flowers unite, and compose one rich harmo- 
nious mass ; such as the white and purple candytuft, iarksjiurs, and 
mallows of various colours, double poppies, lupins, primroses, pinks, and 
carnations: with many more of which the forms aniFcolours accord witli 
each other ; and the same method they use with flowering shrubs, blend- 
ing white, red, and variegated roses together, purple and white lilacs, 
yellow and white jasmines, altheas of various sorts, and as many others 
as they can with any propriety unite. By these mixtures they increase 
considerably the variety and beauty of their compartments. In their 
large plantations, the flowers generally grow in the natural ground; but 
in flower-gardens, and all other parts that are highly kept, they are in 
pots buried in the ground, which, as fast as the bloom goes off, are 
removed and others are brought to supply their places ; so that there is 
a constant succession for almost every month in the year; and the 
flowers are never seen but in the height of their beauty." — Loudon's 
J^ncyclopcedia of Gardening, 



FLOWERING AND ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS. 35 

forming permanent flower beds, and of transplanting hardy 
Perennial and Biennial plants in September or October. 

The hardy bulbous roots must be also planted in October, 
or November, which on being properly preserved through 
the Winter will embellish the parterre in Spring by their 
early and Firs r Flowers. 

*' First flowers of the Spring time, 

Bright gems of the year, 
All lovely and blooming, 

How fresh ye appear ; ' 

Springing up in the garden, 

The hedge row and vale, 
Enriched by the showers. 

And fann'd by the gale." . 

In my preliminary observations, I directed the attentiou 
of my readers to some important points respecting walks, 
edgings, &c. — Although box is superior to any thing else 
for edgings ; yet in extensive gardens, dwarf plants of 
various kinds may be used for such purpose. Thrift is the 
neatest small evergreen next to box ; but Violets, Pinks, 
Periwinkle, Pansey, Iris, Stone crop, or even Parsley,Thyme, 
Strawberry plants, &c. may be used for the s#ke of diversity. 
These will require frequent watering and trimming, and the 
Thrift, &c. should be sometimes taken up, divided at the 
roots and replanted. 

Box edgings will also require frequent pruning and trim- 
ming ; and once in from seven to ten years the whole may 
be taken up, divided and replanted, and the surplus slips 
may be planted in a nursery bed in rows about a foot apart ; 
these will be suitable for making edgings the year following* 

Flower beds should be kept free from weeds, and watered 
occasionally in the Summer. In the Autumn they should 
be covered with leaves, straw or light litter ; this should \m 
taken off in the Spring, and the ground should be hoed and 
dressed in such a manner as to enliven the earth around 



36 FLOWERING AND ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS. 

the roots of the plants, as also to give the whole a neat 
appearance. 



FLOWERING AND ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS. 

Arbrisseauz (POrnement. 

Shrubs are so closely connected with flowering plants, 
and indeed so many of them are embellished with flowers* 
that they may be considered as essential to the completion 
of an ornamental garden. They are all Perennial, and are 
divided into two classes, deciduous and evergreen ; the for- 
mer lose their leaves in the Winter, the latter only shed 
them when others are ready to supply their places. 

Shrubs are not only necessary to the embellishment of a 
flower garden, but many kinds are eligible for hedges to it, 
and may be planted at a trifling expense. These hedges 
should be frequently trimmed and trained, the sides cut even 
and the tops sparingly clipped, so as to make them ornamen- 
tal, as well as useful, and also to increase the vigour of their 
growth. When hedges become open or naked at the 
bottom, ihey should be plashed down ; this is done by 
cutting the bp«nches half through near the ground; the^r 
will then bend easily, and may be interwoven with the 
adjoining branches. 

When shrubs, creepers, or climbers, are planted against 
walls or trellises, either on account of their rarity, delicacy, 
or to conceal a rough fence, or other unsightly object, they 
require diff'erent modes of training ; some attach themselves 
naturally, as the ivy, and merely require to be occasionally 
guided, so as to cause a regular distribution of their shoots ; 
others must be treated like fruit trees, trained thinly, it 
blossoms are the object, and rather thicker, if the intention 
be to show the foliage to the greatest possible advantage. 

Ornamental shrubs grow from one foot to twelve or more 
in height ; and where such are planted for ornament, the 



FLOWERING AND ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS. 37 

lieight of each plant, when full grown, should be considered, 
and also the mode of growth, that every one may he so 
planted as to show to advantage, observing that the tall- 
growing should be planted in the back part of the borders, 
and those of low-growth forward ; but if they are required to 
be planted in clumps, they should be so arranged as to rise 
gradually from the sides to the middle, and be afterwards 
neatly trimmed. 

Shrubs require an annual pruning, at which time cut out 
all irregular and superfluous branches, and head down such 
as require it, forming them into handsome bushes. Apply 
stakes to such as may need support, and see that the low- 
growing ones do not injure each other, nor interfere ^^ith 
other dwarfish plants near them. 

Many kinds of shrubs may be raised from seed sown 
early in the Spring, but are more commonly propagated by 
suckers, layers, or cuttings. Like other plants, they require 
a good soil, Avhich should be manured every two or three 
years, and some of the tender kinds should have some pro- 
tection in Winter. 

The following list taken from the New-York Farmer, 
furnished by Mr. Floy, contains the most of those usually 
planted in gardens and on lawns. These will furnish a 
succession of flowers from Spring until Autumn, and may be 
obtained at the nurseries at moderate prices. 



CATALOGUE, &c. 

Amorpha fruticosa, — Indigo shrub, produces handsome 
bunches of purple flowers in June and July. 

Amygdalus nana. Dwarf double-flowering Almond ; a 
yery beautiful shrub, about three feet high; blossoms early 
in April. 

Aralia spinosa^ or Angelica tree, about ten feet high ; 
flowers in very large bunches, and continues a long season. 

4 



38 FLOWEltING A?CD ORNAMENTAL SllRUES, 

Cytisus Lahurnmn, or Go'den Chain; a most elegant 
shrub, producing long racemes or bunches oi^ yellow^ flow- 
ers in June and Ji''y ; there are two kinds, the 
English and the Scotch Laburnum. The Scotch is the 
largest, forming a pretty large shrub ; the English kind is 
greener, more compact, and by some thought to be the 
handsomest ; they ought to be in every garden. 

Cahjcanihus JFloridus, Allspice, or sweet-scented shrub, a 
native of the Southern States; the flowers are oi" a very 
dark chocolate colour, and the fragrance very much resem- 
bles ripe strawberries, easily kept when once introduced; 
this shrub generally grows about five feet high in gardens ; 
blossoms from May to August. 

Ccanoi/ius AmericanuSj Red root, or Jersey Tea tree, a 
plant or two in the collection, as it flowers in profusion, is 
worth having. 

Cercis siliquastriwi, or Judas tree. The flowers appear 
very early in the Spring, before the leaves come out, and 
make a fine appearance : as it grows rather tall, it is calcu- 
lated for the back row of the shrubbery. 

Colutea arborescens, or Bladder Senna, having bunches of 
yellow flowers in June and July, which are succeeded by 
seeds in a kind of bladder, calculated for the back or centre 
row of shubberies. 

Crataegus oxyacaiitha, the Hawthorn. ] t makes a pretty 
appearance planted out singly in the back or centie row; 
the flowers are very fragrant; it is sometimes ca.Ued the 
Pride of May ; the double white, double scarlet, and single 
scarlet Hawthorn, are extremely beautiful, and ought to be 
in every plantation. Hawthorn hedges are much used in 
England, where they look very handsome when clipped; 
but they do not answer so well in this country, the heat 
of our Summers causing the leaves to fall off*early, often in 
July; on that account they are not much used. We have 
several things which are better calculated for that purpose. 
Cydonia Japonica^ or Pyrus Japonica, a very beautiful 



FLOWERING AND ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS. 39 

scarlet-flowering shrub, from Japan, has not been in culti- 
vation here for many years. It is found to be very hardy, 
resisting our most severe frosts ; it is evergreen, flowers 
very ear'y, and continues a long time. A second flowering 
takes place in the latter part of tlie Summer. It is every 
way a desirable shrub. 

Daphne mezerion, one of our most earl/ flowering shrubs, 
which blooms freely in April and May, and is very sweet- 
scented. It is rather tender in some situaiions, but will 
stand ojr ordinary Winters very weU in a sheltered situation. 

Dirca palustris^ or Leather wood ; a preity little shrub, 
growing very regular in shaoe, and has the appearance of a 
large tree in miniature ; it is a native of our Northern 
States; the flowers, which appear very early in the Spring, 
are yellow, and come out before the leaves. 

Gi/mnoclachis Canadensis, or Kentucky Coffee tree. The 
berries have a resemblance to coff*ee, a<)d are said to be 
a good substitute for it ; however, it is a beautiful tree, with 
handsome featlicied leaves, and makes a fine contrast with 
others. It should be planted in the back or the centre of 
the plantation, and is very hardy. 

Halesia diptcra^ and Halesia tetrapttra, two-winged and 
four-winged Silver Bell, or Snow-drop tree. They are botk 
natives of the Southern States, but are perfectly hardy here ; 
our most severe A\ inters do not hurt them. The former 
kind flowers in 4pril, and the latter withholds its blossoms 
until May. They are elegant shrubs. 

Hibiscus Si/riacus, f,. pleno. The double-flowering 
Althea frutex, of wnich there are several varieties ; the 
double white, double red, double red and white, and striped, 
are the most showy ; they commence their flowering late in 
July, and continue until Autumn. The single kind, of 
which there are many varieties, are scarcely worth culti- 
vating, the double o.ies being raised quite as well, and 
are equaUy hardy. These are indispensable in every 
plantation. 



40 FLOtVERING AND ORNAMENTAL SHRtTBS. 

Hypericum frutescens, Shnibbj Hypericum. There are 
several species of this small beautiful shrub, all natives of 
the Southern Slates, but perfectly hardy here. They all 
flower profusely in the Stammer, and continue for along 
time. They should be planted in the front row. 

Kerria Japonica, or Corchorus Japanlca^ yellow Japan 
Globe flower ; although a native of Japan, like many other 
Japanese flowers^ it is perfectly hardy here. It flowers ia 
the greatest profusion at all times, except in the very dead 
of Winter, and will grow almost in any soil or situation. 

Kcelreuteria paniculata, Japan bladder tree, or Kodre- 
terius. This is another hardy shrub from Japan. It has 
long racemes of flowers, succeeded by bladder-like fruit, 
and is worthy of cultivation in every good collection. 

Ligustrum vulgare, virens. Large European Privet, a 
very handsome evergreen shrub, flowering profusely in June, 
and produces bunches of black round berries. It bears 
slipping well, and is therefore well calculated for hedges, or 
to. enclose ornamental plantations. It grows quick> and is 
well adapted to our climate, and v/hcii planted in a hedge- 
row, and kept clipped, it makes a beautiful hedge, and ought 
to be in more general use. 

PhiladcljjJms coronarius, or common Syringa, is very 
ornamental, producing its sweet-scenied flower- early in 
the Spring, and in abundance. 

PhiladeljjJtus inodorous^ and P. grandiiloru&. Garland 
Syringa, are both natives of the Southern Slates, but quite 
hardy here. Their flowers are large, and continue for 
several months, in wreaths ar garlands They are well 
calculated for the centre row, and also to hide unsightly 
objects, and have a beautiful efi^ect when mixed with 
monthly honeysuckles, &.c. 

Persica, or Am2/gdalu& Persica,JI, rosea phjio^ or double- 
flowering Peach, is very beautiful in shrubberies. It bios- 
sams early, and sometimes bears fruit, but it is cultivated 
entirely for its beautiful blossoms.. A few tree« of ib& 



FLOWERING AND ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS. 41 

Chinese double-flowering Apple, (Pyrus spectabilis,) have 
also a beautiful effect. 

Rhus cotinus^ Venetian sumach, Aaron's beard, some- 
times called fringe tree, is a fine shrub, calculated for the 
centre of the clump or shrubbery. Its large branches of 
fringe remaining all the Summer, give it a ciirious and stri- 
king effect. 

Tribes Missouriensis , or Missouri currant ; there are two 
species of this very ornamental shrub from Missouri, intro- 
duced by Lewis &l Clarke; they are quite hardy, and flower 
profusely from April to June. 

Rohlnia glutinosa^ and Rohinia hispida; the former a 
nretty large shri'b, producing fine bunches of flowers in 
gxcat abundance throughout the Summer; the latter is a 
snir'lei shrub ; both of them are, houever, worthy of a place 
in large coi'ections. 

Rohinia pseudo-acacia, or Yellow Locust tree.* This is 
superior to any other kind of wood for ship-tunnels, mill- 
cogs, and fence-posts, as well as for various other purposes. 
I s cultu'-e is very easy, and may be propagated in great 
abandance, by sowing the seed in March, Apr<l, or May, in 
a bed of good sandy loam, which is its favorite soil, and 
covering half an inch deep. Previous to sowing, put the 
seed in a basin, pour on scalding water, and let it stand all 
night ; pick out such seeds as are swollen, and plant them 
immediately; next evening repeat the same process with 
such as did not swell the first night, mix the whole and 
sow them; they will come up in the course of the following 
month numerously; for no seeds grow more freely, not- 
withstanding what some say to the contrary. When the 
plants are ayearold, transplant them out of the seed bed into 
nursery rows, four feet distant, and plant from plant, one 
foot. Having two Or three years' growth in these rows, 



* This tree is introduced here, rather on acccount of its usefulness 
than beauty, though the latter is very considerable. 

4-^ 



4^ FLOWERING AND ORN^AMENTAL SHRUBS^ 

they may be planted successfully in any warm and tolerably 
rich sandy ground. They may also be propagated by suck' 
ers, which they throw up abundantly, especially if some of 
the wide-extending roots be cut through with an axe. An 
acre of these trees, plai>ted at two feet distant each way, will 
contciin 10,690 ^ at four feet distant, 2,722 ; and it is said 
that no appropriation of land is more lucrative than that 
devoted to this purpose. The Three-Thorned Acacia Seed 
(Gleditschia) should be prepared in the same manner. 

Hosa, or Roses, a very numerous variety of these; some 
reckon five or six hundred kinds. They are accounted the 
most beautiful of Flora's productions. Perhaps a handsome 
collection might be made of about fifty of the best sorts, 
which, by taking such quantity, I suppose might be obtained 
at about fifty cents each, under name ; and, generally, a 
fine collection unnamed at half that amount. No good 
garden or &hrubbery should be without them. 

Sorbus aiicuparia^ Mountain Ash, or Roan tree. This 
is a very beautiful shrub of the larger size ; the leaves are 
ornamental ; the flowers and fruit, which are produced in 
large bunches, are beautiful ; the fruit remains till late in 
the Autumn ; it is a native of Europe. 

Sorbus Canadensis. This is a native of our Northern 
frontiers and mountains ; it does not grow so large as the 
former ; the berries are smaller and red, the former larger 
and of an orange colour, but otherwise much resemble it. 

Spartiwn jiinceum^ Genista, etc. Two or three species of 
Broom, producing numerous bunches of yellow flowers in 
May and June ; the Genista^ or Spanish Broom, which has 
white flowers, is also very pretty, but not quite so hardy as 
the former. 

Symphoria racemos-a, or Snow-berry, sometimes called 
St. Peter's wort, a pretty little shrub; the bunches of wax- 
like white berries, which it produces during the whole Sum- 
mer, give it a beautiful appearance. 

Syringa vu'garisy or common Lilac> blossoming in May^ 



CLIMBING ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS. 43 

is well known to all, and needs no comment. The white 
variety is not quite so common —they are only used for out- 
side plantings, as they sucker very freely, and soon make 
themselves common. 

JSyringa Pcrsica^ or Persian Lilac, is a delicate low shrub, 
the flowers very abundant, and the leaves small and delicate. 
There are two varieties of the Persian Lilac ; the white 
flowering, and the blue or purple flowering. 

The Chinese cut-leaved Lilac is very curious ; the leaves 
are cut like Parsley, the flowers growing in longer racemes 
than the former. 

Siberian^ or large Persian Lilac The bunches of flowers 
are very large, and continue in season a long time after tldB 
common Lilac. 

Tamarix Gallica^ or French Tamarix, and the Tamarix 
Garmanica^ German Tamarix, are two pretty shrubs ; tlie 
leaves and branches are small and slender, producing quan- 
tities of beautiful flowers, which form a very striking contrast 
to the other part of the shrubbery. 

Viburnum opulus, or Guilder rose, otherwise called Snow- 
ball, is a very showy shrub, producing large balls of snow- 
white flowers in May ; and is indispensably necessary to 
every shrul)bery. 

Vitez agnus castus, or Chaste tree, a pretty and singular 
shrub, flowering the most part of the Summer. 



CLIMBLNG PLANTS. 



Ampelopsis hederacea. This plant, on account of the 
largeness of its leaves, and rapidity of its growth, is well 
adapted for covering walls. There are several species, all 
resembling the vine in habit and flower. 

Aristolochia sipho. Birthwort, or Dutchman's pipe. A 
very curious blooming plant, with extraordinary large foliage. 



44 



CLIMBING ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS. 



well calculated for an arbour ; afFording a dense and cool- 
ing sl'ade. 

Atragene alpina, A free-growing deciduous shrub, with 
small pinnated foliage, and large blush-coloured flowers, 
which continue from May to July. 

Bignonia crucigera, is a desirable evergreen ; being of a 
luxuriant growth. )t will cover in a i^ew years an area of 
fifty feet, and bloom from May to August; colour orange. 

Jignonia radicam, or Trumpet creeper, produces large 
bunches of red trumpet-shaped flowers, in July and August. 
Bignonia grancUHora, is much like the former in habit 
and appearance, but the flowers are much larger. It is 
said to be a native of China, and the former a native of ihis 
country. They are both perfectly hardy, and will climb up 
brick work or wooden fences, without any assistance. 

Clematis, or Virgi?i's Blioci\ There are several species, 
some of them tender, or wot sufficiently hardy for our .se.ere 
Winters, wiJiout protection. The Clematis azurea^ hicolor 
and flam a, are splendid varieties. The Clematis Virginica, 
Viorna, Viticelli, and Vitalha, are perfectly hardy, and 
blossom throughouuhe Summer. 

Gbjcine Sinensis, or Wistaria Sinensis, is a handsome 
Chinese creeper of recent introduction, from China, and is 
noi yet common in our nurseries. It is a beautifid viaa, 
running to a great height, and loaded with long racemes of 
purple f owers ihrougliout the Summer. 

Gli/cinefrntescens, or Wistaria frutescens. This beautiful 
brol^ber ofthe Ch'nese kind, is a native of our SouthernStates, 
grows m.^ch in the same way as the others, and perhaps not 
inferior. Although this fine creeper has been lo.ig known 
in E igland, we have not heard much about it by English 
writers; the conclusion seems to be, that t does not flower 
well in England. In fact, none of our Southern plants do 
well in that country, while those from China do very well — 
here, however, it is quite the rev^erse. I have ihe Chinese 
Wistaria Sinensis, from fifteen to twenty feet h.gh, and the 



CLIMBING ORKAMeNTAL SHRUBS. 4 5 

American fVistaria about the same heiiiht. The Chinese 
does not look so vigorous and green as his American bro- 
ther. — The American Wistaria should be planted in every 
garden with other creepers, or to run up the trees in shrub- 
beries, according to its natural position. 

Hedra Helix. Irish Ivy, is a desirable evergreen for 
covering naked walls, or any other unsightly object. The 
leaves are of a lively green, and from three to five angled. 
There are several varieties of it; all calculated for growing 
in confined shady situations, where plants in general will 
not thrive. 

Jasminum ojicinale. Garden Jasmine. This delicious 
climbing shrub, has from time immemorial, been common in 
Europe for covering arbours. Its delicate white fragrant 
flowers render it very desirable ; but it is rather tender for 
our Northern Winters, unless well protected. In the South- 
ern States, this plant, and also the yellow Jasmine, revolit- 
turn, grow luxuriantly and bloom profusely, and even Jas- 
minum grandiflora wdl endure the Winters of South Caro- 
lina and Georgia. 

Loniceray comprehending all the fine sweet- scented honey- 
suckles. Of the Italian kinds, the monthly honeysuckle is 
decidedly superior, continuing to flower all through the 
Summer, until late in Autumn, and is very fragrant Some 
of the other European kinds maybe occasionally introduced 
into large shrubberies. There is a white honeysuckle 
lately introduced from France, denominated Hedysarum 
eoronarium, which is in great repute. Two or three Ameri- 
can kinds deserve particular notice. 

Lonlcera semper virens,or Coral Trumpet, monthly honey- 
suckle, is extremely beautiful, flowering the whole of the 
Summer, with its thousands of scarlet bunches ; it is* 
however, destitute of scent. 

Lon'icera Fraseri^ also an American : the flowers are like 
the other kind in almost every particular, except coloujr, 
this being a bright yellow. 



CLIMBING ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS. 46 

Lonicera pubescens, or Caprifcl'mm ptibcscens, a large 
and beautiiul hoaeysuck^c from the Norlhwest coast ; the 
f owcrs are Jarge, and of a bright copper colour, inclLi'uig to 
oranj^e — they are all perfectly hardy. 

Lon.cura flexuosa — Chinese ho-ieysiickle, of la^e intro- 
duction ; it is perfecily hardy, wiuhstand'ngotir most severe 
frosis without the least injury ; it is a very sweet-scented 
honeysuckle, grows rapidly, and loan immense height. It 
flov/e'-s ia pa'rs and threes all up the branches, covering the 
who'e plani completely with flowers. U blossoms in Spring 
and Autjmn, and is a very valuable acMuisi^ion to our gar- 
dens and shrubberies. 

Lonicera Japonica, or Japan honeysuckle. This bears 
flovve/s in great profusion, which are white, afterwards b^ 
coming of a light yeUow. It is not so hardy as the 
Chinese, and requires a little protection in the Winter. 

Passiflora^ or Passion Vine. There are several hardy- 
species, but the best is ihe Passifior a incarnata ; this, al- 
though it dies to the ground every Winter, will, during the 
Summer, g.-ow from twenty to thirty feet, and yield abun- 
dance of bertutiful purp'e flowers. 

Feriplaca grceca, or Silk Vine. A proUnc cumber, wood 
slender,.twining and elastic, leaves smooth, ovate, lanceolate. 
Estaulished plants will grow thirty or forty feet in one season, 
and yield flowers in clusters, of a brovvn'-sh yellow colour, 
from May to July. 

I shall only add to the abo^•e, the running kinds of roses; 
ahhoug'i there are many other things which might be men- 
tioned. 

Posa multijlora^ from China, is pretty well known, pro- 
ducing thousands of small donb'e red roses in bunches. It 
requires a sheltered situation from some of our keen rorth- 
westers. Rosa multflora alba^ from the same country, is of 
late importation, but as it increases readi'y, may be ob- 
tained at about the same price as the former; the bunches, 
of flowers are white. Uosa Grivellis^ a running rose, also 



PROPAGATION OF ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS. 4? 

from China, the lowers ofvarious colours. Rosa ruhifolia. 
Raspberry leaved rose, from our Northern frontiers, and 
exteiidiog over the Western country ; althot'gh a single 
flowering rose, it produces large bunches of flowers, which 
are differently coloured on the same bunch, exactly lile the 
former Cnina kind, and is another instance of the similarity 
of plants, natives of China, and our cou.'try. 

]'osa canina^fl. pleno. English double dog rose, is a very 
pretty little do^^ble rose, and will run to a great heiiiht, 
Rosa Banksii, Lady Banks' doable wliite China running 
rose ; it runs up and spreads mach — it may be easily known 
from Others of the running roses, by its being entirtly des- 
titute of prickles. Rosa Noisette, and Chamjniey's, are 
said to have been raised from Cnina seeds in Carolina — 
they are not strictly runn-ng roses, bu^ as they grow I'p tall, 
are fine ornaments for the shrubbery, flowering during the 
Avhole of the Summer and Autumn, in 'arge cluFiers. The 
Maderia rose, or double white cluster, musk, flowers ihrouo-h- 
out the Summer and Autumn months, and is therefore well 
adapted for the shrubbery. Rosa Cherokensis^ called the 
nondescript, or Georgia rose — the flowers are very large 
being white, with yellow centre. This is a runnino^rose 
growing very high around trees, &c. 

Rosa rubiginosa, or Sweetbriar, is too well known to 
need description. 



FROFAGATIOAf 

OP 

2f Ed®wiiiEns5'© smmiFiBSo 



Flowering shrubs are variously propagated by slips, cut- 
tingSj layers, suckers, buds or scions; and these may be thus 
defined. 



48 PROPAGATION OF ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS. 

1. Slips are simplj small branches, slipped down from 
the side of a large branch, or from the main stem. These 
should be taken from the parent plants, carefully, so as to 
leave an eye or heel, at the lower or but-end. 

2. Cuttings should be anade from shoots or stalks of a 
prior year's growth ; and such should be selected as are well 
ripened, having their joints not far apart : they may be cut 
so as \o have three or four joints in each cutting. In some 
species of succulent plants, the joints being near together, 
cuttings need not be more than from four to six inches long; 
but shrubby plants in general will admit of their being from 
ten to twelve inches. 

3. Layers difl'er from cuttings in nothing, except that they 
strike root into the soil, while yet adhering to the parent 
plant. 

4. Suckers are in reality young plants, connected to the 
parent at the root, which should be carefully separated in 
Spring or Autumn, and transplanted in the same manner as 
plants raised by any other method ; either in a Nursery bed, 
Shrubbery, or Flower border. • 

5. Scions are of two sorts; scions properly so called, and 
buds. A scion is a cutting, or portion of a plant, which is 
caused to grow upon another phint, from which it attracts 
fluid for the nourishment of its leaf buds ; these thus fed, 
gradually grow upwards into branches, and send woody 
matter downwards, so as to become connected with the stock 
grafted on. 

The business of planting slips, cuttings, &dc. of the tender 
kinds into nursery pots, and the hardy kinds into borders, is 
generally performed in Spring and Autumn ; there are, 
however, some exceptions to this rule, which will be ex- 
plained hereafter. See Calendar and Index. 

For the purpose of raising hardy flowering shrubs by 
slips or cuttings, let a border be prepared in a shaded and 
sheltered situation, by manuring and deep digging. Provide 
plants about a foot long, and insert them into the ground. 



^PROPAGATION OF ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS. 49 

full one-third of their length ; the rows may be about two 
feet apart, and the plants nine inches from each other in the 
rows. Press the ground around the stems, and rake it 
femoolh. The after management of nursery beds made ia 
Spring, is to keep them watered in dry weather, also to hoe 
them occasionally, and by Autumn the plants will be rooted. 

In cold climates, plantations made in Autumn, should 
be protected by a covering of leaves, straw or litter, merely 
sufficient to screen the plants from wind and the sun's rays 
in time of freezing, the heat of the feun being more destrMC 
tive to vegetation in Winter than the cold weather. 

To increase flowering shrubs, rose bushes, or any other 
plants by layers, dig the ground about the plants to be 
operated on to a good depth ; then with a sharp knife cut 
between two joints half through the stalk or branch, and turn- 
ing the edge of the knife upwards, make a slit past the first 
joint to the middle between it and the next above ; make a 
hollow in the ground and insert the cut part from one to three 
inches deep, according to the nature of the plant operated 
on, keeping the branch perpendicular, and the slit open; 
Each layer should be pegged down with a hooked stick, 
made from small branches of trees, to keep it in its proper 
position, as well as to prevent the cut part from uniting, 
whence the roots form for the young plants. 

Budding, grafting, and inarching, is often practised on 
shrubs, with u view to perpetuate improved varieties. Bud- 
ding may be performed on roses of different descriptions, as 
the White Moss, Unique, Tuscany, and other fine varieties ; 
upon such wild kinds as are of a strong habit. The best 
time for performing the t)peration, is towards the end of July 
or early in August, as the buds are then generally matured 
so that the bark parts freely from the wood, which is essen- 
tial to the successful accomplishment of the business. 

Grafting is generally performed in the Spring. There 
are many methods practised on trees, as cleft grafting, whip 
grafting, saddle grafting, side grafting, root grafting, inarch- 

5 



50 PROPAGATION OF ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS. 

ing or grafting by approach, &-c. which methods are all fully 
explained under the head of "Budding and Grafting," in the 
fruit department. I shall, however, here present a short 
view of the mode best adapted for shrubs. 

Scallop budding is performed by cutting from a small 
stock a thin narrow scallop of wood, about an inch in 
length, and taking from the chosen twig, a thin scallop of 
wood of the same dimensions : this is instantly applied, and 
fitted perfectly at top and bottom, and as nearly as possible 
on its sides, and firmly bound with bass matting. This may 
be performed in Spring, and if it fails, it may be done again 
in the month of July. The French practise this mode on 
Roses. 

The most simple method of grafting is, to cut off the 
stock in a wedge- like manner ; then prepare one of the grafts 
with three or four eyes ; proceed to cut a slit in it upwards, 
and thrust it on the stock, taking care to join the bark of each 
together; tie them firmly together with bass, and immediately 
cover the grafted part with clay and horse dung mixed ; 
which being well prepared, should be closed securely round 
the graft in an oval form, 

Inarching, or grafting by approach may be thus performed. 
The shrubs to be grafted must be growing very near to those 
which are to furnish the grafts ; a branch of each must 
then be prepared by making a long sloping cut nearly to its 
centre; the twain must be brought together, and secured 
by a bandage of matting, so that the bark may meet as 
nearly as possible- The graft may then be covered with clay 
composition ; and when a complete union has taken place, 
the plants may be separated with a sharp knife, by cutting 
off below the junction. 

As the above directions are applicable to the propagation, 
and management of Greenhouse tender, and half hardy 
plants, as well as to hardy shrubs and vines ; it may be ne- 
cessary here to remind the reader, that delicate roses and 
half-hardy woody plants left out during the Winter, should be 



PROPAGATION OF ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS. 51 

protected either bybending down the branches and covering 
them with soil, or by tying them up to stakes, and binding 
straw snugly around them. At the same time throw some 
dung on the ground about the roots ; the longest of which 
may be raked off on the approach of Spring, and the shortest 
forked in, so as to manure the plants, and thus give vigour 
to their rising shoots. 

Deciduous shrubs may be transplanted at any time after 
^ey lose their leaves, and before the buds begin to expand in 
Spring, provided the ground can be brought into good con- 
.dition to receive tiiejii ; the holes should be dug capacious 
enougli to hold the roots without cramping them, and some 
earth, well pulverized, must be thrown equally among the 
fibres of the roots, which should be well shaken, and the 
earth trodden down around the plants, until brought to the 
level required. Evergreens should be removed carefully 
with a bail of earth connected with their roots, and some 
good mould should be provided to fill in with. 

The Spring pruning of shrubs and vines should be attended 
to before the buds begin to rise ; say March in the Northern 
States, and January in the South. In performing this busi- 
ness, use a sharp knife, in order that all amputations and 
wounds be cut and pared smooth, and in a slanting manner. 
Divest the plants of all dead wood, superfluous branches, and 
those which cross each other. Regulate the plantation in 
such manner, that the natural form and habit of each plant 
be retained as much as possible, and train the branches so 
that the Sun can have free access to every part ; bearing in 
mind the hints thrown out in the introduction to our Cata- 
logue. Some shrubs and vines will need a Summer pruning, 
merely to thin out young shoots, superfluous wood, <fec. and 
to train straggling branches. 



52 

THE 

BEAUTIES OF APRIL AND MAY. 



The following article is submitted, as being well calcu- 
lated to afford amateurs mental recreation, while engaged 
in rural pursuits ; and it is presumed that tiie practical 
gardener will not view the insertion of this article as a 
digression, as it exhibits the beauty and order of the flowery 
tribe in propitious chmates, or when cultivated at the proper 
season, in a truly appropriate and amusing light. 

APRIL. 

"Descend, sweet April, from yon watery bow^, 
And liberal strew the ground with budding flowers^ 
With leafless Crocus, leaf-veiled Violet, 
Auricula, with powdered cup. Primrose 
Thatlovei to lurk below the Hawthorn shade.'" 

It is generally admitted, that the month of April gives the 
most perfect image of Spring ; for its vicissitudes of warm 
gleams of sunshine and gentle showers, have the most pow- 
erful eflect in hastening the universal springing of the vege- 
table tribes, from whence the season derives its appellation. 
Next comes the favourite month of the year, in poetical 
description J 

MAY. 

"For thee, sweet month, the groves green liv'ries wear; 
If not the first, the fairest in the year ; 
Thou dost afford us many pleasant hours, 
"While Nature's ready pencil paints the flowers." 

The pious Hervey, in his Meditations on the Flower Gar- 
den, has furnished us many sublime ideas respecting the 
order, variety, and beauty of the flowery tribe.* It is in 

*Those who have read Hervey 's Meditations on the Flower Garden, 
will discover that the pious author's phraseology, and several of his 
sublime ideas, are interspersed through this article, which, from being 
Wended with other matti r, could not be designated in the customary way. 



THE BEAUTIES OP APRIL AND MAY. 53 

vain to attempt a catalogue of those amiable gifts. There 
is an endless multiplicity in their characters, yet an inva- 
riable order in their approaches. Every month, almost every 
week, has its peculiar ornaments ; not servilely copying the 
works of its predecessors, but forming, still forming, and 
still executing, some new design ; so lavish is the fancy, yet 
so exact is the process of Nature. Were all the flowery 
tribe to exhibit themselves at one particular season, there 
would be at once a promiscuous throng, and at once a total 
privation. 

We should scarcely have an opportunity of adverting to 
the dainty qualities of half, and must soon lose the agreeable 
company of them all. But now, since every species has a 
separate postto occupy, and a distinct interval for appearing, 
we can take a leisurely and minute survey of each succeed- 
ing set. We can view and review their forms, enter into a 
more intimate acquaintance with their charming accom- 
plishments, and receive all those pleasing sensations which 
they are calculated to yield. 

Before the trees have ventured to unfold their leaves, and 
while the icicles are pendant on our houses, the Snow-drop 
breaks her way through the frozen soil, fearless of danger. 
Next peeps out the Crocus, but cautiously and wiih an air 
of timidity. She shuns the howling blasts, and cleaves 
closely to her humble situation. Nor is the Violet last in 
the shining embassy, which, with all the embellishments 
that would grace a royal garden, condescends to line our 
borders, and bloom at the feet of briars. Freely she distri- 
butes the bounty of her emissive sweets, while herself retires 
from sight, seeking rather to administer pleasure than to 
win admiration. Emblem, expressive emblem, of those 
modest virtues which delight to bloom in obscurity. There 
are several kinds of Violets, but the fragrant, both blue and 
white, are the earliest. Shakspeare compares an exquisitely 
sweet strain of music to the delicious scent of this flower ; 
"Oh ! it came o'er my ear like the sweet South, 
That breathes upon a bank of Violets, 
SteaUng and giving odour." 5* 



54 THE BEAUTIES OF APRIL AND MAY, 

The pious Hervey, in his admonitions to those who 
indulge in sloth, has thrown out the following sublime ideas: 
What sweets are those which so agreeably salute my nos- 
trils ? They are the breath of the flowers, the incense of 
the gardens. How liberally does the Jasmine dispense her 
odoriferous riches 1 How deliciously has the Woodbine 
embalmed this morning walk ! The air is all perfume. 
And is not this another most engaging argument to forsake 
the bed of sloth ] Who would be involved in senseless 
slumbers, while so many breathing sweets invite him to a 
feast of fragrancy — especially considering that the advan- 
cing day will exhale the volatile dainties 1 A fugitive treat 
they are, prepared only for the wakeful and industrious. 
Whereae, when the sluggard lifts his heavy eyes, the flowei's 
will droop, their fine sweets be dissipated, and instead of 
this refreshing humidity, the air will become a kind of liquid 
fire." 

With this very motive, heightened by a representation of 
the most charming pieces of morning scenery, the parent of 
mankind awakes his lovely consort. There is such a deli- 
cacy in the choice, and so much life in the description of 
these rural images, that 1 cannot excuse myself without 
repeating the whole passage. Whisper it, some friendly 
genius, in the ear of every one, who is now £unk in sleep, 
and lost to all these refined gratifications 1 

" Awake ! the morning shines, and the fresh field 
Calls you : ye lose the prime, to mark how spring 
The tended plants, how blows the Citron grove ; 
What drops the Myrrh, and what the balmy Keed ; 
How JVature paints her colours; how the bee 
Sits on the bloom, extracting liquid sweets." 

How delightful is this fragrance ! It is distributed in 
the nicest proportion ; neither so strong as to oppress the 
organs, nor so faint as to elude them. We are soon cloyed 
at a sumptuous banquet j but this pleasure never loses its 



THE BEAUTIES OF APRIL AND MAY. OO 

poignancy, never palls the appetite. Here luxury itself is 
innocence ; or rather in this case, indulgence is incapable of 
excess. This balmy entertainment not only regales the 
sense, but cheers the very soul ; and, instead of clogguig, 
elates its po\yers. 

" The soft green grass is growing 

O'er meadow and o'er dale ; 
The silvery founts are flowing 

Upon the verdant vale; 
The pale Snow-drop is springing 

To greet the glowing Sun ; 
The Primrose sweet is flinging 

Perfume the fields along ; 
The trees are in their blossom, 

The birds are in their song ; 
JSs Spring upon the bosom 

Of Nature's borne along." 

"So the dawn of human life 

Doth green and verdant spring: 
It doth little ween the strife — 
Like the Snow-drop it is fair, 

And like the Primrose sweet, 
But its innocence can't scare 

The blight from its retreat." 

Our subject is so enchanting, that we had inadvertently 
wandered from the path we first entered. We now retrace 
our steps, and take a glance at surrounding objects. The 
fields look green with the springing grass. See the Daffodil 
how it spreads itself to the wind ! The leaves of Honey- 
suckles begin to expand, and Lilacs, or Syringas, of various 
hues, unfold their buds. The Almond exhibits its rosy 
clusters, and the Corchorus its golden balls. Many of the 
lowlier plants exhibit their yellow and purple colours, and 
the buds of Lilies, and other Perennial plants, prepare 
to show themselves. If we turn our attention to the orchard, 
we behold the Apricots, JNectarines, and Peaches, lead the 



56 THE BEAUTIES OF APKIL AND MAY. 

way in blossoming, which are follovFed bj the Cherry and 
the PJum. These form a most agreeable spectacle, as well 
on account of their beauty as of the promise they o;ive of 
future benefits. It is. however, an anxious time for the 
possessor, as the fairest prospect of a plentiful increase 
is often blighted. Shakspeare draws a pathetic comparis on 
from this circumstance, of the delusive nature of human 
expectations ; 

"This is the state of man ; to-day he puts forth 
The tender leaves of hope; to-morrow blossoms, 
And bears his blushing honors thick upon him ; 
The third day comes a frost, a kilhng frost, 
And nips his root." 

But we now return to the garden. Before we have time 
to explore Nature's treasures, many disappear ; among these 
are the humble Daisy, which shrinks from the intense heat, 
and the several varieties of Primulas or early spring flowers. 
The various grades of Polyanthus deserve a close inspec- 
tion ; these, for a while, exhibit their sparkling beauties, but 
alas ! soon disappear. Scarcely have we sustained this loss, 
but in comes the Auricula, and more than retrieves it. Ar- 
rayed she comes in a splendid variety of amiable forms, 
with an eye of crystal, and garment-s of the most glossy 
satin. A very distinguished procession this ! The favorite 
care of the florist, but these also soon disappear. Who 
could forbear grieving at their departure, did not the various 
sorts of bulbous flowers burst their bands asunder, or rather 
expand so as to exhibit their fragrance and beauty. 

'* Fair-handed Spring 
Throws out the Snow-drop and the Crocus first. 
The Daisy, Primrose, Violet darkly blue, 
And Polyanthus with unumbered dyes. 
Then comes the Auricula, enriched with shining meal. 
O'er all their velvet leaves." 

While we reluctantly dispense with the sweet perfumes of 



THE BEAUTIES OP APRIL AND MAY. S7 

the Hyacinth and Narcissus, we behold the Tulips begin to 
raise themselves on tlieir fine wands or stately stalks. They 
flush the parterre with one of the gayest dresses that bloom- 
ing Nature wears. Here one may behold the innocent 
wantonness of beauty. Here she indulges a thousand freaks, 
and sports herself in the most charming diversity of colours. 
In a grove of Tulips, or a bed of Pinks, one perceives a 
difference in almost every individual. Scarcely any two 
are turned and tinted exactly alike. What colours, what 
colours are here ! these so nobly bold, and those so deli- 
cately languid! 

What a glow is enkindled in some ! what a gloss shines 
upon others! With what a masterly skill is every one of 
the varying tints disposed ! Here they seem to be thrown 
on with an easy dash of security and freedom; there they 
are adjusted by the nice-?t touches of art and accuracy. 
Those colours which form the ground are always so judi- 
ciously chosen, as to heighten the lustre of the superadded 
figures; while the verdure of the impalement, or shadings 
of the foliage, impart new hvehness to the whole. Fine, 
inimitably fine, is tiie texture of the web on which these 
shining treasures are displayed. \Vhat are the labours of 
the Persian looms ; what all the gay attire which the shuttle 
or the needle can furnish, compared v/ilh Nature's works? 
One cannot forbear reflection in this place, on the too pre- 
vailing humour of being fond and ostentatious of dress. 
What an abject and mistaken ambition is tiiis ! How un- 
worthy the dignity of man, and the wisdom of rational 
beings ! Especially since these little productions of the 
earth have indisputably the pre-eminence in such outward 
embellishments. 

"Bright TULIPS, we do know, 

Ye had your coming hither, 
And fading time doth show, 

That ye must quickly wither, 



58 THE BEAUTIES OF APRIL AND MAY. 

Your sisterhood may stay, 

And smile here for an hour, 
But ye must quickly die away, 

E'en as the meanest flower. 

Come virgins, then, and see 

Your frailties, and bemoan ye ; 
For lost like these, — twill be 

As time had never known ye." 

But let us not forget the fragrant, the very fragrant Wall 
and Gilli-flovvers ; some of these regale us with then* per- 
fumes through various vicissitudes and alternations of the 
season, while others make a transient visit only. 

*' I love thee, lone and pensive flower, 

Because thou dost not flaunt thy bloom 
In pleasure's gay and garnish'd bower, 

Or luxury's ])roud banquet room; 
But on the silent mouldering wall 

Thy clinging leaves a fragrance shed. 
Or give to the deserted hall 

A relic of its glories fltd. 

These wreaths, in vivid freshness bright, 

Methinks the fluttering herd portray, 
Who bask on fortune's golden light, 

And wanton in her joyous way; 
But thou art like that oenlle love, 

Which blooms when friends and fame have pass'd. 
Towers the dark wreck of hope above, 

And smiles through ruin to the last." 

In favoured climates arises the Anemone, encircled at 
the bottom with a spreading robe, and rounded at the top 
into a beautiful dome. In its loosely-flowing mantle, you 
may observe a noble negligence ; in its gently-bending tufts 
the nicest symmetry. This may be termed the fine gentle- 
man of the garden, because it seems to possess the means 
of uniting simplicily and refinement, of reconciling art and 
ease. The same month has the merit of producing the 



THE BEAUTIES OP APRIL AND MAY. 59 

Ranunculus. All bold and graceful, it expands the riches 
of its foliage, and acquires by degrees the loveliest enamel 
in the world. As persons of intrinsic worth disdain the 
superficial arts of recommendation practised by fops, so this 
lordly flower scorns to borrow any of its excellencies from 
powders and essences. It needs no such atlractions to 
render it the darling of the curious, being sufficiently enga- 
ging from the elegance of its figure, the radiant variety of its 
tinges, and a certain superior dignity of aspect. 

JUNE. 

" Now have young April, and the blue-eyed May, 
Vanished awhile, and lo ! the glorioas June 
While Nature ripens in his burning noon;) 
Comes like a young iuhiritor." 

I had intended to confine our meditations to the beauties 
of April and May, but Nature seems to improve in her 
operations. Her latest strokes are the most masterly. To 
crown the collection, she introduces the Carnation, which 
captivates our eyes with a noble spread of graces, and 
charms another sense with a profusion of exquisite odours. 
This single flower has centered in itself the perfection of all 
the preceding. The moment it appears, it so commands 
our attention, that we scarcely regret the absence of the rest. 

"Maternal Flora, with benignant hand, "^ . _ 
Her flowers profusely scatters o'er the land: 
These deck the vallies with unnumber'd hues, 
And far around their pregnant sweets diffuse ; 
The broad carnations, gay and spotted Pinks, 
Are shower d profuse along the rivers' brinks." 

The field we have entered is so extensive and so enchant- 
ing, that we cannot extricate ourselves, without taking a 
cursory glance at the airs and habits, the attitude and linea- 
ments, of each distinct class. See the Pssonia of China, 



60 THE BEAUTIES OF APIllL AND MAY. 

splendid and beautifully grand! View the charming Rose, 
delicate and languisliingly fair! and while you inhale its 
balmy sweetness, you will be constrained to admire it, not- 
withstanding its thorny appendages. 

" Rose ! thou art the sweetest flower 
That ever drank the amber shower; 
Rose ! thou art the fondest child 
Of dimpled Spring ! the wood-nymph wild ! 
Resplendant Ro^e ! the flower of flowers, 
Whose breath perfumes Olympus' bowers | 
Whose virgin blush, of chasten'd dye, 
Enchants so nnich our mental eye." 

Behold all the pomp and glory of the parterre, where 
Nature's paint and perfume do wonders. Some rear their 
heads as with a mnjestic mien, and overlook, like sovereigns 
or nobles, the whole parterre. Others seem more modest 
ill their aims, and advance only to the middle stations ; a 
genius turned for heraldry might term them the gentry of 
the border ; wlide others, free from all aspiring airs, creep 
unambitiously on the ground, and lock like the commonalty 
of the kind. Some are intersected with elegant stripes, or 
studded with radiant spots. Some affect to be genteelly 
powdered, or neatly fringed ; while others are plain in their 
aspect, unaffected in their dress, and content to please with 
a naked simplicity. Some assume the monarch's purple ; 
some look moit becoming in the virgin's white ; but black, 
doleful black, has no admittance into the wardrobe of Spring. 
The weeds of mourning would be a manifest indecorum, 
when Nature holds an universal festival. She would now 
inspire none but delightful ideas, and therefore always makes 
her appearance in some amiable suit. Here stands a war- 
rior clad with crimson ; there sits a magistrate robed in 
scarlet ; and yonder strusts a pretty fellow, that seems to 
have dipped his plumes in the rainbow, and glitters in all 
the gay colours of that resplendent arch. Some rise into a 



6i THE BEAUTIES OP APRIL AND MAY. 

curious cup, or fall into a set of beautiful bells. Others spread 
themselves in a swelling tuft, or crowd into a delicious 
cluster. In some the predominant stain softens by ihc 
gentlest diminutions, till it has even stolen away from itself. 
The eye is amused at the agreeable delusion, and we wonder 
to find ourselves insensibly decoyed into quite a different 
lustre. In others one would think the fine tinges were 
emulous of pre-eminence ; disdaining to mingle, they con- 
front one another with the resolution of rivals, determined 
to dispute the prize of beauty; while each is improved, by the 
opposition, into the highest vivacity of complexion. 

"Mr8. Pseony came iu quite late in a heat, 

"With the Ice-plant, dew-spangled from forehead to feet ; 

Lobelia, attired like a queen in her pride. 

And Dahlias, with trimmings new furbish'd and dyed, 

And the Blue-bells, and Hare-bells in simple array. 

With all their Scotch cousins from highland and brae. 

Ragged Ladies and Marigolds clustered together, 

And gossip'd of scandal, the news, and the weather: 

What dresses were worn at the wedding so fine 

Of sharp Mrs, Thistle, and sweet Columbine," 



6^ 
OBSERVATIONS 

ON THE 

CULTIVATION OF BULBOUS AND TUBEROUS-ROOTED 

PLANTS. 



These plants exhibit a striking variety of the beauties of 
Nature. It would seem as if every change she was capable 
of forming, was included in the radiant colours of the Tulip. 
Never was a cup either painted or enamelled with such a 
profusion of tints. Its stripes are so glowing, its contrasts 
so strong, and the arrangement of them both so elegant and 
artful, that it may, with propriety, be denominated the 
reigning beauty of the garden in its season. The Hyacinth 
is also an estimable flower for its blooming complexion, as 
\yell as for its most agreeable perfume and variety. 

"The Hyacinth, purple, white, and blue, 
Which flung from its bells a sweet peal anew, 
Of music so delicate, soft, intense,; 
It was felt like an odour within the sense." 

The Double Dahlia, in its numerous varieties, is incon- 
ceivably splendid. It is only about forty years since the 
first of these, which was single, was introduced into Europe 
from Mexico. 

Doable Dahhas of three colours, were first known in the 
year 1802, since that time the varieties have so increased, 
that such as a few years ago were considered beautiful, are 
now thrown away to give place to the more splendid sorts. 
I have good authority for stating, that upwards of twenty 
thousand seedlings are raised yearly in England, only a 
few of which are introduced into the collections of amateurs, 
to take the place of such old sorts as may from time to time 
be rejected. This is done, in order that none but the very 
choicest be retained in such collections. 



BULBOUS AND TUBEROUS-ROOTED PLAINTS. 63 

In some gardens in Holland they cultivate; by distinct 
names, about eleven hundred varieties of Tulips, thirteen 
hundred of Hyacinths, and six hundred of Ranunculusee 
and Anemones, some of which are sold as high as sixty 
dollars the single root. It is stated in the travels of Mr. 
Dutens, of his having known ten thousand florins, equal to 
$4000, refused for a single Hyacinth ; and Dodsley says, 
in his Annual Register for 1765, that the Dutch of all 
ranks, from the greatest to the meanest, during the years 
from 1634 to 1637 inclusive, neglected their business to en- 
gage in the Tulip trade. Accordingly in those days, the 
Viceroy was sold for jG250, the Admiral Lief keens £440, 
and Semper Augustus at from £500 to £1000 each ; and 
also that a collection of Tulips was sold by the executors of 
one Wouter Broekholsmentser for £9000. It is stated that 
in one city in Holland, in the space of three years, they had 
traded for a million sterling in Tulips. 

As a full catalogue of all the varieties of bulbous and 
tuberous-rooted plants would occupy a number of pages, 
without affording much general interest, I shall content 
myself by devoting a short paragraph in describing some of 
each particular species, which will be accompanied with 
directions for their culture, in a brief, and, at the same time, 
explicit manner. 

It may be here necessary to define the difference between 
bulbous and tuberous roots. Those designated bulbous, 
have skins similar to Onions, or the Allium tribe; and tuber- 
ous roots imply all such as produce tubers something similar 
to Potatoes. 

The soil for bulbous and tuberous roots in general should 
be light and yet capable of retaining moisture, not such as 
is liable to become bound up by heat, or that in consequence 
of too large a portion of sand, is likely to become violently 
hotinSummer; but a medium earth between the two ex- 
tremes. As many city gardens do not contain a natural 
soil of any depth, a suitable compost should be provided in 



^4 BULBOUS AND TUBEROUS-ROOTED PLANTS. 

«uch cases, which may consist of equal parts of sand, loam^ 
rotten manure, mould, &c. 

When ready, the beds may be laid out, from three to four 
feet wide, and they should be raised two or three inches 
above the level of the walks, which will give an opportunity 
for all superfluous moisture to run off. Let the beds thus 
formed be pulverized to the depth of fifteen or eighteen 
inches; and at the time of planting, let a small quantity of 
'jeach sand be strewed in the apertures or trenches, prepared 
for the roots to grow in, both before and after placing them, 
which will prove beneficial. 

A Southern exposure, dry and airy, and sheltered from 
the nortJi-west winds, is preferable for most bulbs. But 
Anemones and Ranunculuses should be in some measure 
sheltered from the intense heat of noon. 

Beds of hardy bulbous and tuberous roots should b« 
covered on the approach of Winter with litter, leaves, straw, 
or such earth as is formed by the decay of leaves, to the 
depth of two or three inches, as it prevents any ill effects 
which a severe season may have on the roots ; but it should 
be carefully raked off again in the Spring. 

Bulbous roots in general should be taken up in about a 
month or six weeks after the bloom is exhausted; the foliage 
or leaves then turn yellow. If fine warm weather, the bulba 
may be dried on the beds they grew on, by placing them in 
separate rows, being careful not to mix the several varieties 
together. To prevent such an accident, labels may be 
aflixed to, or placed in the ground opposite each bulb — 
they will keep much better for being dried gradually ; to 
this end, a little dry earth may be shaken over them, to 
screen them from the heat of the sun. If it should rain 
before they get dry, take them in, or cover them with 
boards ; when dry, clear them of tlie fibres and stems, and 
then put them away in dry sand ; or wrapped in paper, they 
may be kept in boxes or drawers until the season of planting 



BULBOUS AND TUBEROUS-ROOTED PLANTS. 65 

The tender Tuberous roots, such as Dahlias, and the 
like, will have to be taken up before the cold becomes se- 
vere. As the Dahlia exhibits its flowers in all their splen- 
dour until nipped by the frost, the roots ought, in the event 
of a very sudden attack, to be secured from its blighting 
effects. They are not apt to keep well, if taken up 
before they are ripened ; the tops should therefore, be cut 
down as soon as they have done flowering, and the ground 
covered around the roots, with dung or Jitter ; this will 
enable them to ripen witliout being injured by frost; and in 
about a week after being cut down, or on appearance of 
severe weather, they sliould be dug up and packed in dry 
sand, and then stowed away in a dry place out of the reach 
af frost. The temperature suited to keep greenhouse plants 
will preserve them in good order. Some people complain 
of the difficulty of keeping Dahlia roots through the Winter. 
I am of opinion that they are often killed from being taken 
up before they are ripe, and then put in a confined damp 
place ; or are by some, perhaps, subjected to the other ex- 
treme, and dried to a husk. I keep mine on shelves in the 
greenhouse, and seldom lose one in a hundred. If it be an 
object with the cultivator to have the names perpetuated from 
year to year, each plant should have a small label aflSxed to 
the old stalk, by means of small brass or copper wire, as 
twine is very apt to get rotten. 

Cape Bulbs, and such tuberous roots as are cultivated in 
pots, on account of their tenderness, should be kept dry 
after the foliage is decayed, until within about a month of 
their period of regerminating, at which time they should, after 
having been deprived of their surplus offsets, be repotted in 
good fresh earth. 

There are some descriptions of bulbous and tuberous 
roots that need not be taken up oftener than once in two or 
three years, and then only to deprive them of the young 
offsets, and to manure the ground. These will be described 
^reafter under their different heads. 

6* 



6^6 AMARYLLISES. 

In the articles which follow, I have named the preferable 
season for planting the various kinds of bulbous and tuberous 
roots ; but as some bulbs will keep in good condition several 
months, there can be no objection to retaining such out of 
the ground, to suit any particular purpose or convenience. 



DIRECTIONS 

FOR THE 

CULTIVATION OF BULBOUS AND TUBEROUS-ROOTED 



PLANTS 



AMARYLLISES. 

Op this genus of flowering bulbs, there are about eighty 
species, and upwards of one hundred varieties; they are 
natives of South America, and in Europe are generally 
kept in the hot-house ; some of the varieties are hybrids, 
produced by cultivation ; these succeed very well in the 
greenhouse, and in this country we frequently have very 
perfect fl^^owers in the borders. A few of the choicest 
varieties are as follows : 

Amaryllis Aulica, or Crowned Amaryllis, is one of the 
most beautiful ; it produces four flowers, about seven inches 
in diameter, on an erect stem, about two feet and a half 
high, with six petals of green, crimson, and fine transparent 
red colours. 

A. Ballota, produces three or four rich scarlet flowers 
on the stem, each about five inches in diameter : there are 
two or three varieties of this species, all beautiful. 

A. Johnsoniensis, The stem of this variety rises about 



ANEMONES AND BANUNCULUSES. 6T 

two feet, and exhibits four beautiful scarlet flowers, with a 
white streak in the centre of each petal, each flower about 
six inches diameter. It sometimes produce two stems. 

A. Longifolia, or Crinum Capense^ is perfectly hardy ; it 
flowers in large umbels of a pink colour, inclining to white, 
and is a good garden variety. 

Amaryllis formosissima^ or Jacobean Lily, produces a 
flower of great beauty ; although a low-priced plant, it 
throws out gracefully its glittering crimson-coloured petals, 
which have a brilliancy alniost too intense for the eye to rest 
upon. 

The A. Lutea, produces its bright yellow flowers in 
October, in the open air ; but the bulb requires a little pro- 
tection in the Winter, or it may perish. 

The most suitable soil for Amaryllises is a clean new 
earth, taken from under fresh grass sods, mixed with sand 
and leaf mould; the latter ingredient should form about a 
third of the whole, and the sand about a sixth. Some of the 
varieties may be planted in pots during the month of April, 
and others will do very well in the open ground, if planted 
early in May, in a sunny situation. The bulb should not 
be set more than half its depth in the ground ; as, if planted 
too deep, it will not bloom ; the plant deriving its nourish- 
ment only from the fibres. When the bulbs have done 
flowering, such as are in pots should be watered very 
sparingly, so that ihey may be perfectly ripened, which will 
cause them to shoot stronger in the ensuing season, and 
those in the ground should be taken up, and preserved 
in sand or paper. 



ANEMONES AND RANUNCULUSES. 

These are medium, or half-hardy roots, producing beau- 
tiful little flowers of various hues, and are highly deserving' 
of cultivation. The bulbs should be planted in a fresh, we^l 



CROCUSES, 



pulverized, loamy soil, enriched with cow dung. If planted 
in the garden, the beds ought not to be raised above one inch 
higher than tlie alleys, and the surface should bo level, as it 
is necessary for the prosperity of these plants, rather to 
retain than to throw off moisture. The plants will generally 
survive our Winter's ; but it is always safest to plant them in 
such a manner that a temporary frame of boards can be 
placed over them when the weather sets in severe ; and if 
they are to be shaded while in flower, the posts intended for 
the awning may be fixed in the ground at the same time ; 
these will serve to nail the boards to, and thus answer two 
purposes. 

Anemones and Ranunculuses may be planted during 
October or November, in drills two inches deep, and six 
inches apart ; the roots shoLld be placed claws downwards, 
about four inches distant from each other, and covered up, 
leaving the bed quite level. The awning need not be 
erected over the beds until they come into bud, which will 
be early in May ; the extreme heat of the American climate 
is, however, unfavourable to the perfect developement of 
their beautiful blossoms in ordinary seasons, even when 
shaded. 



CROCUSES. 

These are hardy little bulbs, said to be natives of 
Switzerland. There are in all about fifty varieties of this 
humble, yet beautiful plant, embracing a great variety 
of hues and complexions, and their hardiness, and earliness 
in flower, offer a strong motive for their cultivation. The 
bulbs may be planted in October or November, in rows 
about six inches from the edgings ; if in beds, they may be 
placed in ranks of distinct colours, about four inches apart, 
and from one to two deep, which Nvill affbrd to their admirers 
considerable amusement and gratification, and that at a 



CROWN IMPERIAL, COLCHICUM, AND CYCLAMEN. 69 

very early season. They are generally in full perfection 
early in April 



CROWN IMPERIAL. 

This is a species of the genus Frifillaria, of which there 
are about twenty species and varieties, chiefly natives of 
Persia. These squamose bulbs produce tall luxuriant stems, 
embellished with green glossy foliage, and flowers of various 
hues ; but there are only a few of the most curious cultivated, 
perhaps on account of their odour, which to some persons 
is disagreeable. * They are, however, very hardy, and 
produce singular and showy flowers in April and May, 
suited to make variety in the flower borders, in which thov 
may be planted in August and September, from three to 
four inches deep ; they need not be taken up every year as 
other bulbs, and when they are, which may be about every 
third year, they ought not to be retained too long out of the 
ground before they are again replanted. 



COLCHICUM. 

This curious little bulb, being planted in the month 
of June, about two inches deep, produces its flowers in 
October, it then dies, without leaving any external ap- 
pearance of seeds ; they, however, lie buried in the bulb all 
the Winter, and in Spring produce a stalk with seeds, which 
get ripe by the first of June, just in time to plant for flowering 
in the ensuing Autumn. How wonderful are the provisions 
of nature ! 



CYCLAMEiV. 

There are several species of the Persian Cyclamen which 
are worthy of cultivation in pots ; the vareties, Coum and 



70 DOUBLE DAHLIA 

Persicum, will bloom in a greenhouse, or warm room, from 
January to April, if planted in a good light compost early 
in September. The foliage of these plants is of a dark 
green velvet colour; and the flowers of the variety Coum 
are of a dark crimson colour ; those of the variety Persicum 
are of a delicate Freiich white, tipped with piuk, and their 
fraifrance is similar to that of the wild rose. 



DOUBLE DAHLIA. 

This may with propriety be denominated one of the most 
important perennial tuberous-rooted plants that can be 
introduced into a garden, and from the circumstance of its 
having become so f^ishionable of late years, I have felt 
anxious to furnish in this work^ a catalogue of all the 
choicest varieties attainable ; I therefore applied to Mr. G. 
C. Thorburn, who, from a regular correspondence with con- 
noisseurs, both in England and America, becomes acquainted 
with all the most beautiful arid rare varieties. He has 
kindly furnished a list and^ description of about one hun- 
dred; including the choicest seedlings of 1838 and 1839, 
which will be cultivated for the first time in America, in his 
garden at Astoriri, [S40 ; plants from which will be for sale at 
No. 11 John street. To these I have added about two hun- 
dred and fifty varieties, most of which I have had under 
cultivation in my own garden, and which may be justly 
denominated pre-eminent. 

In making this selection, several superb varieties are 
omitted, not because they are undervalued, but for the sake 
of brevity, which in a work of this kind must be consulted. 
Those marked thus t are native American varieties. Those 
marked thus * obtained the greatest number of premiums 
at the various Floricultural and Horticultural exhibitions in 
Great Britain, as well as in our own country. There are, 
peril ips, a hundred more in this catalogue not far beneath 



DAHLIA CATALOGUE. 71 

them, but none are marked except those which from having 
been tested in this climate, can with confidence be recom- 
mended as being free and perfect bloomers. The choicest 
seedhngs of 1838 and 9, and which have been purchased in 
England at from fifteen shilhngs to five pounds sterling each, 
are marked thus §. It may be necessary to observe, that 
many of our choice old varieties, as well as several of the 
new ones hereinafter described, have not been ofltered in com- 
petition at public exhibitions ; these are, therefore, not to be 
undervalued for want of the star or asterisk, and it is pre- 
sumed that the brief description given of the diflferent shades, 
will be sufficient to govern amateurs in their choice. 

As much depends on theclimate, soil and situation in which 
Dahlias are cultivated ; and as the descriptions which follow 
have been given by various persons, in different parts of 
England as well as America, whose soils and situations are 
different, the height of these plants may vary a foot or more 
from our estimate, when planted in one uniform soil and 
situation. 



CATALOGUE 

OF 



t Denotes American Seedlings. * Free Bloomers. New Varieties. HEIGHT 

IN FEET. 

* Acme of Perfection, (Harrises) white, with crimson edge - 4 to 5 
Ada Byron, shaded rose, - - - - - 4 to 5 

* Addison, puce, beautifully shaded with crimson - - 4 to 5 
Adonis, C)ff^i<ZnaZZ's,) a free-blooming fringed scarlet - - 4 to 5 

* Adventure, (Toicar^Z's,) extra fine purple - - - 4 to 5 

* Agamemnon, ( WidnalVs,) rich ruby, crimson, a fine bloomer 5 to 6 
§ Alba Elegans, pure white, elegant shaped flower - - 4 to 5 



72 



DAHLIA CATALOGUE. 



t Denotes American Seedlingi. 



trtt Bloomers. $ New Varietiei. HEIGHT 
IN FEET. 

5 Alciope, fGirZiw^'s,) fine rosy purple 

Alpha, {Simmond's,) fine scarlet crimson ... 

Angelina, white, beautifully edged with lilac - 

§ Antiope, (Case's,) beautiful lilac, fine shape 

* Apollo, (WidnalVs,) fine dark scarlet, cupped petals 

* Ariel, (-/jzipoe^/'s,) white, edged with lilac . - . 

* Aurora, (Maule's,) white, striped with crimson 
Australia, (Foster''s) superb shaded crimson .... 
§ Banks of the Tyne, vivid scarlet - . . - 
Battle Rival, bright yellow, large flower . . . 

* Beauty, (Brown''s,) exquisite lilac - . . - 
Beauty of Bath, (Bartlett^s,) purple and cream striped 

* of Bedford, shaded purple, and crimson 

of Camberwell, rosy lilac, a free-bloomer 

— ^ of Cornwall, purple, tijiped with white 

-"■^ of Dulwich, yellow, mottled with brown 

§ of Hyde Vale, maroon, striped with lilac 

* — ■- — of Kingscote, white, tipped with crimson - 

of LuUingstone, dark puce, large flower 

* of the North, (Hedley's,) superb purple 

* of Perry Hill, mottled rose and blush 

"t of Salem, white, tinted with rosy pink 

* of Waterford, carnation striped 

fj of the WestRiding,(£?;«7is's) carmine, orange mottled 

* Berkshire Champion, crimson maroon, globular shape 

* Bianca, (Lownds's,) white, good form 

Birmingham Victor, (Hodge's,) fine crimson, cupped petals - 
f Blandina, good white ..... 

* Bontishall, dark maroon ..... 

* Bowling Green Rival, dark ruby, cupped petals 

* Bride of Abydos, white, sometimes tinted with purple 
Bride, ( Harding s,) white, with purple spots - 
§ British Queen, (King's,) light blush, mottled with blood red 
Burgundy, dark velvet maroon, finely cupped 

* Calliope, extra fine ruby scarlet . . ^ . 
Cambridge Hero, ( Widnall's,) fine dark maroon 
Camarine, yellow, tipped with red .... 
§ Candidate, (Smith's,) rich claret, striped with purple 
Cedo NuUi, {Pothecary's,) yellow, striped with red - 
» Champion of England, rich maroon . - - - 
» Champion, (fTcKs "5,) white, tipped with lilao 



4 to 5 


6 to 8 


4 to 5 


5 to 6 


4 to 5 


4 to 5 


4 to 6 


4 to 5 


4 to 5 


5 to 6 


4 to 5 


4 to 6 


4 to 5 


5 to 6 


6 to 8 


5 to 6 


4 to 5 


3 to 4 


4 to 5 


4 to 5 


5 to 6 


4 to 5 


4 to 5 


4 to 6 


4 to 5 


4 to 5 


4 to 5 


3 to 4 


5 to 6 


5 to 6 


5 to 6 


5 to 6 


4 to 5 


5 to 6 


5 to 6 


6 to 7 


4 to 5 


4 to 5 


3 to 4 


5 to 6 


5 to 6 



DAHLIA CATALOGUE. 73 

t Denotes American Seedlings. * Free Blocmers. ^ New Varietieo. HEIGHT 

IN FEET. 

Cheltenham Rival, dark shaded crimson - - - 5 to 6 

Clara, (Seaman^a,) superb white - - - - 4 to 5 

* Cleopatra, extra fine blush, white - - - - 4 to 5 
§ Climax, (Jeffrie' s,) dark crimson, finely formed - - 4 to 5 

* Cho, (Wid nail's,) rich purple, always perfect - - 4 to 5 
Clio Perfecta, buff, tipped with purple - - - 5 to 6 

* Colossus, (Brown s,) beautiful crimson, extra large flower 5 to 6 
i Competitor, (^Smitlis,') blueish purple, beautiful - - 4 to 5 
^ Comte de Paris, fine canary yellow, superb flower - 4 to 5 
Conductor, (WidnalVs,') splendid purple - - - 3 to 4 

* Conqueror ofEurope,(-E/p/iWJstoMe's,)blush, shaded withpink 4 to 5 
Conqueror, (Gamier' s,^ rich velvet crimson - - - 4 to 5 
Conqueror, (Chandler's,) fine, shaded purple - - - 5 to 6 

* Conservative, (Scamflij's,) bright ruby scarlet - - 5 to 6 
^ Constantine the Great, light, chastely variegated - - 4 to 5 
k Contender, (Girlings,) fine shaded purple, cupped - 4 to 5 
Contender, (5'^«/?/o/vZ'6) rich maroon, crimson margin - 5 to 6 
Coronation, (EUiol's-,) white, laced with purple - - 5 to 6 

* Coronation, (Elphinstone's,) beautiful rosy pink - - 4 to 5 

* Corinney (BroiDu's,) white, curiously veined with crimson - 3 to 4 

* Coronet, superb dark puce, large flower - - - 4 to 5 
Coriolanus, (Dray's,) extra dark crimson - - - 6 to 7 
Countess of Burlington, (Skirving''s,) superb white - - 3 to 4 

of Dunmore, white, with purple tips - - 4 to 5 

of Liverpool, beautiful shaped scarlet - - 6 to 8 

* of Mansfield, (iJarfsoM's,) extra fine white - - 4 to 5 

* of Radnor, mottled hlac, and carmine - - 4 to 5 

of Shelfield, fine rosy purple - - - 6 to 7 

of Torrington, blush, edged with lilac - - 4 to 5 

of Wcmyss, peach blossom, edged with purple - 5 to 6 

Criterion, (/)o?(^/«s. 5,) white, laced with bright lilac - - 5 to 6 

Croesus,yellow, tipped wathpurple, beautiful whenat perfection 4 to 5 

* Daphne, (rfi^Ma^Z's,) delicate blush - - - - 4 to 5 
Defiance, (Harwood''s,) fine purple, round cupped petals - 5 to 6 
Dennissii, fine raby purple - - - - -5 to 6 

* Desdemona,(UroM)ra's,) white, laced with rose, showy flower 4 to 5 
t Diadem, (Z^MnZo^'s,) fine bright scarlet - - - 4 to 5 

* Diadem of Flora, (Girling^s,) extra fine ruby scarlet - 5 to 6 
Diadem of Perfection, (Tai/Zor's,) rosy crimson, cupped petals 4 to 5 
Diana, (E/jj^i/zsloMe's,) beautiful crimson and yellow - - 4 to 5 
Dictator, (JFeZZs's,) extra large scarlet - - - - 5 to 6 

7 



t4 DAHLIA CATALOGUE, 

t Denotes American Seedlings. * Free Bloomers. § New Varieties. HEIGHT 

IN FEET. 

* Dido, ( Young''s,) fine rosy lilac - - - - 4 to 5 
k Diomede, rich maroon and puriile, shaded - - - 4 to 5 
k Donna Anna, (CooA;'s,) splendid dark rose - - - 4. to 5 

* Don Carlos, beautiful crimson, fine shaped flower - - 4 to 5 
Duchess of Bedford, (JVidnaWs,) bright scarlet - - 4 to 5 

of Buccleugh, (Con?iac/c's,) sulphur, pink margin - 4 to 5 

— of Kent, {MitchelVs,) white, edged with lake - 4 to 5 

ofMontrose,(Z)m?/'s,) mottled rose, yellow, crimson 4 to 5 

* of Portland, {Tillary's,) blush, purple edge - 3 to 4 

'''' of Richmond, {Elphinstotie's,) orange and pink - 4 to 5 

* — of Sutherland, (SLirving's,) blush, tipped with pink 6 to 7 

* Duke of Bedford, (Dennis's,) large crimson maroon - 5 to 6 

of Bedford, (Ncwhy''s,) dark purple - - - 6 to 7 

^ of Richmond, carmine shaded with lilac, (splendid) 4 to 5 

+ Dwarf Scarlet, (Nealc's,) a prolific and free bloomer - 3 to 4 

Earl of Tankerville, extra fine scarlet - - - - 4 to 5 

^^ Egyptian King, rose, dehcately tipped with bronze - 4 to 5 

* Egyptian Prince, fine glossy plum colour - - - 4 to 5 
^ Eliza, (Stanford's,) fine yellow, with red centre - - 3 to 4 
^ Elizabeth, (TrentfieWs,) blush, mottled, edged with crimson 4 to 5 
Empress, (Dennis's,) yellow, edged with purple - - 5 to 6 
England's Defiance, (Miller's,) red and white, striped - 3 to 4 

* Essex Rival, (Sorrel's,) fine dark purple - - - 4 to 5 

* Etonia, (Keeler''s,) extra fine salmon colour, cupped petals 4 to 5 
Euphernea, (MoUineux's,) extra fine purple - - - 5 to 6 

* Eva, (Foster's,) fine blush white, cupped petals - - 3 to 4 

* Exemplar, (WidnalVs,) extra large white, always perfect - 5 to 6 

* "Exquisite, (Girling's,) superb salmon colour, cupped petals 5 to 6 
^ Fire Ball (Squibh's) vivid scarlet. 4 to 5 

* Fisherton Champion (Squibb''s) dark crimson 4 to 5 
' Formosa (GirZiwo^'s) fine buff", tipped with rose - - 5 to 6 
^ Gazelle, white, edged similar to Peach blossom. - - 4 to 5 
t General Harrison (Buel and Wilson's) fine scarlet . - - 4 to 5 

* Glory, (Douglas's) extra large bright scarlet. - - 5 to 6 
^ Glory of Chieveley, superb scarlet. - . 4 to 5 
Gloria Mundi, light sulphur yellow. - - - - 4 to 5 

* Glory of Plymouth, (Rendle's) white, tipped with purple. - 4 to 5 
"" Glory of the West, (Dray's) scarlet ball-flower richly cupped. 6 to 7 

* Gold Finder, (Dray's) bright primrose yellow, cupped. - 4 to 5 

* Golden Sovereign, (Hedley's) superb golden yellow - 5 to 6 
§ Grace Darling, or Heroine of the North, light, lavender margin 4 to 5 



DAHLIA CATALOGUE. 75 

t Denote* American Seedlings. * Fret Bloomers. § New Varietiee. HEIGHT 

IN FEET- 

Grand Falconer, beautiful light crimson. - - - 5 to 6 

* Grandis, extra large, ruby purple - - - - 5 to 6 

* Healhergreen Rival, sulphur yellow - - - 3 to 4 
Helena, (JMecheW s) fine blush white - - - - 4 to 5 

* Helen of Troy, beautiful light rosy blush, perfect form - 4 to 5 
t Henry Clay, superb scarlet - - - - - 4 to 5 
Hermione, (rFc/Zs) white, tipped with purple - - - 6 to 7 
Hero, (JPosfcr's) dark red, cupped petals - - - 4 to 5 
$ Hero of Nottingham, maroon, edged with rose - - 4 to 5 

of Seven Oaks, beautiful rosy crimson - - 4 to 5 

t of Tippecanoe, (Hfl;wco6'A;'s) ruby purple - - 4 to 5 

*——— of Wakefield, superb rosy crimson - - - 5 to 6 

of Wymbourn, plum colour, fine show flower - 4 to 5 

Honourable Mrs. Ashley, (Brown's) white with blood tip - 3 to 4 
Stewart Wortley, fine rosy purple - - 3 to 4 

* Hope, (NeviWs) noval rose colour, splendid form - - 4 to 5 
Horatio, (Smith's) yellow, margined with rosy crimson - 3 to 4 

* Horatio. (JFirfwaZZ's) bright purple, cupped - - . 5 to 6 
*Horticulturist, (Elphinstone's) superb rosy lilac - . 4 to 5 
Incomparable White, ([FAeeZer's) pure white - - - 5 to 6 
Independent, (Girling' s) superb yellow - - - 5 to 6 
J Ingestric Rival, fine lilac, exquisite form - - - 4 to 5 
Innovator, ( Wells'' s) yellow edged with red, beautiful when perfect 4 to 5 
Jealous Wife, yellow, with cupped petals. - - - 4 to 5 
t Jessie Thorburn, (T/<or6Mrw's) white, edged with pink - 5 to 6 
Joan of iVrc, (CaiZeMo-/i's) beautiful pink - - - 4 to ^ 
Julia, (Broimi's) nankeen colour - - • - 4 to 5 

* JuUa, (C/«r^-e's) sulphur tipped with crimson - - 4 to 5 
Juliet, (rrifZMo?/'s) fine cupped rose - - - - 4 to 5 
Juno, (Girling's) rich rosy purple - - - - 4 to 5 

* Kingscote Rival, beautiful light I'ose - - - - 5 to 6 
King of Beauties, (-E/^/mistoMf"s) light with crimson edge - 4 to 5 
King Otho, ruby rose or lake colour, large flower - . 5 to 6 

of the Whites, pure white, flowers generally perfect - 4 to 5 

of the Yellows, (EZ/?Aiwsfowe's) fine cupped petals - 4 to 5 

La Carnation, (PauVs) white flaked with rosy crimson - 3 to 4 

•Lady Anne, (iifo^iooofZ's) white, laced with lilac - - 3 to 4 

Dartmouth, (WidnalVs) white, edged with lilac - • 5 to 6 

% Deacon, clear creamy lemon, veined with rose - • 4 to 5 

Fordwich, lilac, mottled and striped with blush - - 5 to 6 

— -«• King, fine delicate rose - - - ^ 3 to 4 



76 DAHLIA CATALOGUE 

t Denote* American Seedlings. * Free Bloomer*. § Kew rarieties. HEIGHT 

IN FEET. 

Lady Kinnaird, (Kidd s) rosy \i\ac - - . - 4 to 5 

§ Maclean, light ground, crimson margin, superb flower - 4 to 5 

Mallet, (Faiocc«'s) white, laced with rose - - 3 to 4 

Molyneux, red, sometimes striped and tipped with white 4 to 5 

Northampton, white, tinted with purple - - 4 to 5 

* Powlet, bright lilac, perfect formed flower - - 4 to 5 

* Sonde's (Coxs) pale yellow edged with rose - - 4 to 5 

Webster, extra fine crimson - - - - 4 to 5 

$ Wenman, light claret, finely cupped - - - 4 to 5 

Lady of the Lake, ( fFeZ/s's) white, tinted with rosy purple - 4 to 5 

$ Lancashire Witch, white^ edged with purple - - 4 to 5 

* Lavinia, pure white, edged with lilac - - - 5 to 6 

* Letitia, ( fFc^^s") yellow and brown, fine shape - - 3 to 4 
§ Lewisham Rival, white, elegantly cupped - - - 4 to 5 
Liberty, purple plum colour, a free bloomer - - - 4 to 5 
Lilac Perfection, {Harding' s) beautiful when at maturity - 5 to 6 
$ Lilac Perfection, {Ingram'' s) extra fine form and colour - 4 to 5 
§ Lilac Unique, a fine flower and perfect bloomer - - 4 to 5 
Lord Bath, ( Wheeler'' s) large crimson purple - - - 4 to 5 

— ' — Byron, {Smith'' s) fine bright crimson - - 5 to 6 

Morpeth, {Evans's) dark puce, finely cupped « -. 4 to 5 

Russell, bright scarlet ball, a free bloomer - - 4 to 5 

* Lovely Ann, {Dickersori's) blush white, tinted with lilac - 4 to 5 
§ Lucina, (Sp?«cer's) fine lilac, edged with crimson - ^ 4 to 5 
^Madonna, {Stanford"^ s) fine rosy lilac - - -^ - 4 to 5 
Man of Honour, {Harding's) brilliant rose - - - 5 to 6 
*Marchioness of Lansdowne, blush, with purple edge - - 4 to 5 
Maria Edgeworth, primrose, tipped with rose - - - 4 to 5 

* Marquis of Lothian, {GoodalVs) superb rosy crimson - 3 to 4 
* of Northampton, {Elphin stone's) mottled ruby - 5 to 6 

* Marshal Soult, {Elphinstone' s) lilac and red - - - 3 to 4 
§ Marshal Soult, {SteimrVs) mottled rose, extra fine - - 4 to 5 
Mary, {Dodd's) white, laced with rosy lilac, beautiful at maturity 5 to 6 
Mary {Weller^s) light purple, cupped - - - 4 to 5 
Mary of Burgundy, (C«<ZcMo-/i's) carmine and white - - 4 to 5 

* Mary, dueen of Scots, white margined with purple - - 5 to 6 
§ Masterpiece, {Wilmer's,) white, tipped with lilac - - 3 to 4 
§ Matchless, (WW/er's.) superb carmine, well-formed flower - 4 to 5 

* Mazeppa,(fFwZnaZrs,) rich ruby purple - - - 4 to 5 
Medusa, {Wells's) white and pink, beautifully mottled - 4 to 5 
Metropolitan Calypso, splendid rosy blush - - -, 5 ta 6 



DAHLIA CATALOGUE 77 

t Denbtei American Seedlings, * Frte Bloomers. $ KTew VtHttiet. HEIGHT 

IN FEET. 

Metropolitan Perfection, dark velvet, crimson ball-flower 6 to 7 

* Metropolitan Yellow, extra fine - - - - 4 to 5 

* Middlesex Rival, extra fine, dark purple - - 5 to 6 
Miss Broadwood, delicate white - . - - 4 to 5 
§ AJiss Johnston, fine rose, beautiful shape - - - 4 to 5 

* Miss Scroope, (Hedley's.) fine rose, cupped - - 5 te 6 

* Miss Wilson, white, tipped with scarlet - - - 5 to 6 
Miss Wortley, lilac and buft' - - . - - 4 to 5 
$ Model of Perfection, (Neville's) extra dark maroon - 3 to 4 
t Mrs. Bucknall, white, delicately edged with lilac - - 4 to 5 
Mrs. CulUs, (Hodge^s) fine rosy crimson - - - 4 to 5 
Mrs. Davies, (Norman's) white, edged with purple - - 4 to 5 
t* Mrs. Rushton, (BuisVs) blush white, finely cupped - 4 to 5 
^ Mrs. Wilkinson, extra fine bh'.sh white - - - 5 to 6 
Muugo Park, (Yoicng's) light crimson - - - 4 to 5 

* Napoleon (Smith's) dark crimson," excellent formed flower 5 to 6 
Neil, Dr. (Smith's) dark maroon, free bloomer - - 4 to 5 

* Ne Plus Ultra, (Widnall's,) fine shaped, purple and crimson 3 to 4 
Newick Park Rival, (SVafcr's,) glossy purple - - 4 to 5/ 

* Newick Rival, (ManteWs,) beautiful ruby rose - - 5 to 6 

* Nimrod, (Wzc?«a/r5,) fine dark crimson - - - 5 to 6 
North Star, bright purple, a superb flower - - - 5 to 6 

* Oliva, (Wells's,) fine yellow, tipped with red - - 4 to 5 
Osceolus, crimson tipped with white - - - 4 to 5 
Ovid, (Keyne's) bluish purple, beautifully cupped - - 4 to 5 

* Paragon, (Wells's) yellow, edged with v/hite - - 4 to 5 
Peerless White, purest of whites - - - - 5 to 6 
Perfection, (Medley's) first rate dark maroon - - 3 to 4 
Perfection, (Hobnan's) white, tipped and striped with lilac 5 to 6 
Perfection, (IVidnalVs) cupped rosy crimson - - 4 to 5 
Picta, orange and red, mottled and striped - - - 4 to 5 

* Picta Magniflora, (Wells's) yellow, edged with red - 3 to 4 

* Picta Perfecta, (Harrises) crimson, shaded with black - 5 to 6 
Pink Perfection, compact flower, cupped petals - - 4 to 5 
Pindarus, (Wells's) yellow, tipped with red - - 4 to 5 
Pre-eminent, (Bark''s) rich rosy crimson - - - 4 to 5 

* Premier, (Bowman's) beautiful cupped yellow - - 3 to 4 
t President Van Buren, (Makenzie's) bronzy rose - 4 to 5 

* President, (WtZmer's) dark purple, weU formed - - 5 to 6 

* Prima Donna, (Squibb'^s) hhisYi, tinted with rosy lilac - 5 to 6 
$ Princeas of Beauties, white, shaded with rose - • 4 to 5 

7* 



78 



DAHLIA CATALOGUE. 



t Danotes American Seedlings. * Free Bloomers. § New Virietiea, 

* Prmcess Victoria, (JVidnaWs) white, edged with purple, 
Purple Perfection, (Elpldns tone's) fine cupped flower 
§ Purple Unique (Allman's) fine glossy purple 

* Gtueen of Beauties, (^Wells's,) white, tipped with blood red 

* Q,ueen EUzabeth, (Broicn^s,) mottled purple and white 
§ Q,ueen of lesmond, white, with purple stripes 

of Spain, {Downing'' s,) white, laced with j^urple - 

■ of Trumps, {Elphinstojie s^) extra fine shaded rose - 

Victoria, (Foicler^s,) white, laced with purple 

* ■ — Victoria, (Gaines's,) pure while, cupped petals 

Victoria, (Hodge's,) blush, laced with carmine 

* Quilled Perfection, (Broicn^s,) beautiful shaded crimson 

* Rainbow, (Widnall's,) purple and crimson shaded - 
Red Rover, ( GirUng''s,) dark red, showy flower 

* Reliance, (WidnalVs,) orange, margined with buff" - 

* Rienzi, ( WidnalVs,) crimson and puce, mottled 
Ringleader, ( IVibncr's,) beautiful mottled rose 
Rising Sun, (JFirfyzfl/rs,) large bright scarlet - 
§ Rival President, (Elliot's,) dark puce, splendidly formed - 
^ Rival Purple, (Trtj/Zor's,) extra large flower - 
Rival Queen, white, margined with pink 

* Rival Rose, (Goodwin's,) superb ruby rose, cupped 
Rival Susses, (Holman's,) beautiful maroon - 
Rival Sussex, ((S^a/j/brtZ's,) fine dark puce 
Rival Yellow. (JacA-507z '5,) brilliant yellow 

* Robert Buist, (Fount's,) white, laced with purple - 
Robert Burt, (Jackson's,) rich dark red - - - 
Robert L' Diable, (Cormack's,) very dark puce^ 
Rose de Amour, (Brewer's,) rosy pink, tipped with white - 

* Rosa Superba, (Elphinstone's,) extra fine ruby rose 
Rose of Shannon, (Ca^Ze?/^/j's,) splendid rose 
§ Rose Superior, (Girling's,) very splendid perfect flower - 

* Rosetta, (May7ieM''5,) fine ruby rose 

* Royal Adelaide, or Gem, (Brown's,) white, edged with ro?e 
*■ Royal Standard, (Whale's,) rich rosy purple 

. Ruby, (Girling's,) ruby rose - - - - - 

Salamander, (I^icZnaZ/'5,) extra large scarlet - 

* Scarlet Perfection, (Elphinstone's,) unrivalled cupped flower 
Scarlet Perfection, (Knight's,) extra rich flower 

* Sir Henry Fletcher, fine rosy crimson - - . - 
" Sir John Seabright, (Salter's,) superb rich crimson 



HEIGHT 
IN FEET. 

3 to 4 
6 to 7 

3 to 4 

5 to 6 

6 to 7 

4 to 5 
4 to 5 
4 to 5 
4 to 5 
4 to 5 
4 to 5 

4 to 5 

5 to 6 
5 to 6 

• 5 to 6 

4 to 5 

. 5 to 6 

.. 6 to 7 

- 5 to 6 

■ 5 to 6 
. 4 to 5 

- 3 to 4 

- 4 to 5 

- 4 to 5 

- 6 to 7 
4 to 5 

■ 4 to 5 

- 5 to 6 

- 5 to 6 

- 5 to 6 

- 4 to 5 

- 5 to 6 

- 4 to 5 

4 to 5 
6 to 7 

5 to 6 

4 to 5 

5 to 6 
4 to 5 

4 to 5 

5 to. 6 



DAHLIA CATALOGUE. 79 

t Denotes American Seedlings. * Free Bloomers. § New Tarielies. HEIGHT 

IN FEET. 

Splendissima, {Allman's,) splendid purple - - - 5 to 6 

§ Springall Conqueror, darkest flower known - - 4 to 5 

Springfield Rival, {Inwoed's,) fine rosy cupped, crimson - 6 to 7 

Springfield IVTajor, (Gaint's^) large dark crimson purple - 6 to 8 

Star of Buckland crimson, tipped with white - - - 4 to 5 

Star, (firottTt's,) extra fine scarlet - - - - 5 to 6 

* St. Leonard's Rival, bright rosy lilac - - - 5 to 6 

* Striatta Formosisima, (fiafe5'5,) Carnation striped, beautiful 3 to 4 
§ Striped Perfection, (Case's,) maroon, striped with purple 4 to 5 
Striped Unique, (Girling's,) orange, striped with scarlet - 5 to 6 

* SulToIk Hero, (_Girling's,) splendid crimson maroon - 4 to 5 

* SulphureaElegans, (Jo«es's,) sulphur, often tinged with red 5 to 6 
Summum Bonum, (Girling's^ purple bronze - - 5 to 6 

* Sunbury Hero, {Wilmer's,) yellow, tipped with red - 5 to 6 

* Surpasse Triumph Royal, durably fine, scarlet ruby - 4 to 5 
Sussex Defiance, (Elphinstone's,) chocolate, very rare - 5 to 6 

* Sylph, {JVid nail's,) white, deeply edged with rose - - 4 to 5 
Sylvesta, white, sometimes tinted with lilac - - - 5 to 6 

* Sylvia, (JVidnaU's,) pale rose, finely cupped - - 4 to 5 
Symmetry, (Douglas's-.) handsome dark crimson - - 4 to 5 

* Topaz, (Girling's,) fine golden yellow - - - 3 to 4 

* Tower of Sarum, (Wilmer^s,) rich rosy crimson - - 4 to 5 
Triumphant, (Je.ffrit''s,) purple, finely cupped - - 4 to 5 
" Unique, (AnselVs,) hght yellow, tipped with red - - 4 to 5 
Venosa, (Wheeler^ s,) blush, margined with rosy crimson - 5 to 6 

* Victoria Regina, (i/arWs's) beautiful blush - - - 4 to 5 

* Victory, (Knight's,) rich dark crimson - - - 5 to 6 
Village Maid, white, edged with lilac - - - - 4 to 5 
§ Virgin Q,ueen, pure white, finely formed flower - - 5 ta 6 
Viscountess of Beresford, dark crimson, tipped with white - 4 to 5 
Warminster Rival, extra bright purple - - - 6 to 7 
t Washington, white, inclining to blush - *- . 4 to 5 
Waterloo Scarlet, (Catleuglis,) orange scarlet, cupped - 4 to 5 

* Wonder, (Green's,) white, laced with rosy lilac, splendid - 4 to 5 

* Wormley Star, (Spier's,) vivid scarlet - - - 6 ta 7 
§ Yellow Defiance, (Cox^s,) splendid flower, the roots of 

which were selling 'in London, Nov. 1839, at £15 ster- 
ling, equal to Sixty-six dollars - - - - 4 to 5 

* Yellow Perfection, (Stone^s,) extra fine dark yellow 4 to 5 
t Yemassee, (Arnold's,) crimson maroon, always perfect 4 to 5 
§ Yorkshire Hero, splendid ruby rose - - - 4 to. 5 



80 DOUBLE DAHLIA. 

f DMotes American Seedlings. * Free Bloomers. § New Varieti«8. HEIGHT 

IN FEBT. 

* Zeno, {Elphinstone's,) beautiful purple, blended with white 4 to 5 
Zitella, fine rosy pink - - - - - -3 to 4 

* Zoleirmio, {Priestley's,) clear deep yellow - - - 5 to 6 



As some amateurs are apt to fancy, that the most econo- 
mical method of obtaining a supply of Dahlias in their 
gardens, is to raise them from seed, it may be necessary to 
remind such, that xUq trouble and expense of raising any 
quantity of seedliiigs, is equal to that attending the cultiva- 
tion of the same number of the choicest varieties ; and 
when it is considered that the greatest proportion of a plan- 
tation may be single, and semi-double, and that but few 
doubie-floweriiig plants can be expected, equal to those 
above described, it must appear evident that it is the inte- 
rest of such persons as desire to have their gardens unin- 
cumbered with plants that are not calculated to ornament 
the same, to procure plants or roots of such varieties as 
have been tested, and highly recommended, as is the case 
with all those described in the preceding catalogue, and 
also those which are generally sold by the regular florists. 
But as I am writing for young gardeners, it may be neces- 
sary to state, that although new varieties are usually raised 
from seed of the finest double flowers, some successful pro- 
pagators prefer that procured from semi-double varieties. 
Sow seed towards the end of February, or early in March, 
in pots, and plunge them in a moderate hot-bed, or seed 
may be deposited in the earth of the beds in shallow drills, 
and the beds attended to as directed in the calender for 
February and March. 

Nothing is more simple than the cultivation of Dahlia 
roots. In March or April, they will, if properly kept through 
the Winter, begin to sprout around the old stems and 
tubers. To forward these sproutg in growth, the roots should 



DOUBLE DAHLIA. 81 

be either buried in light earth, on the top of a moderate hot- 
bed, or else potted, and then set in a warm room, or green- 
house, and watered. As soon as the shoots have grown to 
the length of two or three inches, the roots may be divided 
in such a manner as to have a good strong shoot attached 
to a piece of the tuber, or old stem ; each of tliese will, if 
properly managed, make a plant.* Those who may com- 
mence cultivating at an early season, should put the plants 
thus separated into small pots, and keep them in a growing 
state iintil about the middle of May, at which time they may 
be turned out of the pots with the balls of earth entire, and 
planted in the open borders, from three to four feet from each 
other. Let the ground be well pulverized, and enriched 
with good old manure, before the plants are set out. If the 
top soil be shallow, and the subsoil inferior, it would be 
beneficial to the plants, if holes be dug to the depth of from 
a foot to eighteen inches, and then replenished with good 
rich compost, consisting of two-thirds fresh loam, and one 
third of well rotted manure. 

Many cultivators have found late planting to suit better 
than early, and I myself have had more perfect flowers, 
from plants set out about the middle of June, than from 
those planted in May ; this is easily accounted for. In July 
and August the weather is generally hot, which brings 
the forwardest plants into bud at an early season, and 
in the event of a continuation of hot dry weather, such 
buds fail to produce perfect flowers ; whereas those plants 
which are set out late, keep growing through the hot 
weather, and produce their buds just in time to receive all 
the benefit of the Autumnal rains. From a consideration of 



* In order to obtain an extra number of plants from any choice varieties; 
cuttings are frequently taken from the shoots, when about three inches in 
length which are planted in nursery pots, and cultivated in hot-beds, these 
require to be shaded from the sun, by mats, for the first fortnight, after 
which they may be gradually inured to the air, and treated as plants rais^^^ 
in the ordinary way. 



82 GLADIOLUS, CORN FLAG, OR SWORD LILY. 

these circumstances, I think early in June the safest time to 
set out Dahlia plants ; and if those persons who have no con- 
venience of forcing their roots, set them out in May, in 
ground prepared as before directed, they will generally suc- 
ceed very well, provided they take care to cover them incase 
of a cold change of weather. The roots may be thus cul- 
tivated entire, as is frequently done ; but if it be desired to 
have them parted, this business can be easily accomplished 
without disturbing the roots, and the oflfsets may be planted 
in the ground seperately or potted. 

Previous to setting out the plants, it will be necessaiy to 
provide for their preservation through the varied changes of 
the season, or a sudden gust of wind may destroy the expec- 
tations of a year. The branches of the Dahlia are extremely 
brittle, and, therefore, a good stout pole, or neat stake, should 
be driven down near each root, of a suitable height, so that 
the branches as they progress in growth, may be tied thereto 
at every joint, which may bo done with shreds of matting or 
twine. If th'^ poles be in readiness, they are much more easily 
fixed at the ume of planting the Dahlias than afterwards ; but 
it may be done at any time after the ground has been soft- 
ened by rain, provided it be not delayed too long, so as to 
subject the plants to risk. Sometimes a few forward buds 
of the Dahlias will exhibit their premature beauties to the 
beams of a July and August sun ; but their lustre is quickly 
dimmed. The latter end of September, sometimes all Oc- 
tober, and part of November, witness the Dahlia in all its 
glory ; and dwarf plants, cultivated in pots, will sometimes 
blossom at Christmas ; but they require more than ordinary 
care, at a late period of their growth. 



GLADIOLUS, CORN-FLAG, OR SWORD LILY. 

Of this genus of bulbs there are about fifty species, natives 
of the Cape of Good Hope. They produce flowers of 



GLADIOLUS, CORN FLAG, OR SWORD LILY. 83 

various colours, in August and September, and are well 
worthy the attention of those who cultivate tender exotic 
plants. They may be planted in September or October, 
about an inch deep in pots, which must be kept in a green- 
house or light room, and watered sparingly until they begin 
to grow. The following are known to be superb species 
and varieties : 

G. aJatus, or Wing-Flowered, producing bright orange 
coloured flowers. 

G. hlandus prodtices flowers of a beautiful blush rose 
colour. 

G. Byzantinus, or Turkish Flag, has large delicate 
purple flowers. 

G. cardinalis. This variety produces very large flowers 
of superb scarlet, spotted with white. 

6r. floribundus, or cluster flower, produces large flowers, 
of white and pink colour. 

The Gladiolus Natalensis, or Psitacinna^ is perhaps the 
most desirable to cultivate of all others. It blossoms freely, 
and the colours are exquisitely beautiful. In its progress of 
blooming, it exhibits variable colours, as vermilion, red, 
yellow, green, white, crimson, &c., which brighten, as 
the flower arrives at perfection, to the brilliancy of a rain- 
bow. Another good quality displays itself in the bulb, 
which, if properly managed, will yield an abundance of 
offsets ; these being cultivated, will flower the third year in 
perfection, and thus continue to multiply perpetually. 

I have named September and October as the season for 
planting, because it is considered the preferable season for 
most bulbs ; but if these be preserved in good condition 
through the Winter until early in April, and then planted in 
a soil consisting of about one half fresh loam, equal parts 
of leaf mould, and sand well mixed, they may be forwarded 
in a warm room, green-house, or moderate hot-bed, until 
settled warm weather, and then turned out of the pots into 
a border, where they can be shaded from the sun at 



84 HYACINTlt. 

noonday ; this will induce each of them to throw up three 
or four stems from three to four feet high, each stem pro- 
ducing five or six gorgeous blossoms, in great perfection. 
Those planted in the Autumn or Winter, may also be turned 
out of the pots in June; and, from the fibres having taken 
substantial root in the soil before transplanting, such plants 
may be taken up again in August, or early in September ; 
and on being planted in large pots, they may be removed, 
so as to perfect their bloom, within view of the parlour or 
sitting- room, which will afford considerable amusement and 
gratification. 

HYACINTH. 

" Hail to thee ! hail, thou lovely flower ! 
Still shed around thy sweet perfumej 
Still smile amid the Wintry hour, 
And boast e'en then a Spring-tide bloom. 
Thus hope, 'mid life's severest days, 
Still smiles, still triumj)hs o'er despair; 
Ahke j^he lives in pleasure's rays, 
And cold affliction's Winter air." 

There are, as has been already stated, about thirteen 
hundred varieties of this family of plants, comprising all the 
various hues, as white, pink, red, yellow, blue, purple, 
crimson, &c. and some of those with various coloured eyes. 
They begin to produce their flowers in the open borders 
early in April, on short erect stems covered with florets or 
small bells ; each floret is well filled with petals rising 
towards the centre, and is suspended from the stem by short 
strong footstalks, the longest at the bottom, and the upper- 
most florets stand so erect as to form a pyramid. A planta- 
tion, or a bed of these, have a very beautiful appearance, pro- 
vided they are well attended to. In planting them, which 
should be in the monthsof October or November, care should 
be taken to have the colours so diversified as to suit the fancy ; 



IRIS, OR FLOWER DE LUCE. 85 

they may be placed in short rows across the bed, about eight 
inches apart, and from three to four inches deep, measuring 
from the top of the bulb, and covered up at the setting in of 
Winter, as before recommended for bulbs in general. 

Those who may have a fine collection, should have an 
awning erected in the Spring, to screen them from the 
chilling blast, and also from drenching rains and the noon- 
day sun ; and they should be looked over as soon as they 
make their appearance above ground, to see if they are all 
perfect and regular; if faulty or inferior bulbs should appear 
to have been planted in a conspicuous part of the bed, by 
accident or mistake, they can be taken out, and by short- 
ening the rows, others may be substituted with a trowel. 
When all are regulated, look over them frequently, and as 
the stems shoot up, tie them to wires, or small rods, with 
shreds of bass matting or thread, being careful not to injure 
the florets. In about six weeks after they have done flower- 
ing, the bulbs may be taixcn up, and managed as recommen- 
ded for bulbs in general, in a former page. 



IRIS, OR FLOWER DE LUCE. 

There are two distinct species of plants cultivated under 
the name of Flower de Luce, each consisting of several 
varieties. The bulbous species and varieties are designated 
as English, Spanish, Chalcedonian, and American. These, 
if introduced into the flower borders, and intermixed with 
perennial plants of variable colours, have a very pretty 
appearance when planted in clumps or patches. This may 
be done in the month of October, by taking out a spadeful 
of earth from each place alloted for a plant, and then 
inserting three or four bulbs, about two inches deep. If the 
ground be poor, some rich compost may be dug in around 
the spot before the bulbs are planted, and if several sorts be 

8 



S6 IXIAS^ — JONQUILS LACHENALIAS. 

planted in the same border, let them be of various colours, 
— The tuberous-rooted are of various colours, as blue, 
yellow, brown, and spotted ; they are easily cultivated, and 
flower freely in a loose soil inclining to moisture, if planted 
in March or April. 



IXIAS. 



These are tender, but very free-flowering bulbs, producing 
on their stems, which vary in height from six inches to two 
feet, very delicate flowers of various colours, as orange, 
blush, white, purple, green, crimson, scarlet, and some have 
two and three colours connected in the same plant. 

There are, in all, upwards of tvrenty species, which may 
be cultivated in the green-house, by planting the bulbs, 
in pots in September or October, and placing them near 
the light, and then watering them sparingly until they 
begin to shoot. 

JONQUILS. 

This is a hardy race of bulbs, and produces very delicate 
yellow flowers early in May. There are different varieties, 
some of which are single-flowering, and others double. 
Their fragrance is very grateful, being similar to that of 
Jasmines. The bulbs may be planted about two inches 
deep in the flower borders, or in pots, in October, or before 
the setting in of Winter ; they flower better the second year 
than in the first, and, therefore, should not be moved and 
replanted oftener than once in three years. 



LACHENALIAS. 

These are tender little bulbs, natives of the Cape of Good 
Hope. There are supposed to be in all about forty species 



LILIES. 87 

and varieties. Those most cultivated with us, are tlie 
Lachcnalia qiiadri-color, and L. tri color ^ which are 
very beautiful when in full bloom, exhibiting flowers of 
various colours on a stem of from six inches to a foot in 
height, and much in the character of Hyacinths. The 
colours which are yellow, scarlet, orange, green, &c., are 
very pure and distinct. L. nervosa^ L. orchoides^ L. punc- 
tata^ and L. rubida^ are all excellent species and worthy oj 
cultivation. They may be planted from one to two inches 
deep, in small pots, in the month of August and September, 
and watered but sparingly until they begin to grow. 



LILIES. 



There are several plants under this name, of different 
genera, some of which are indigenous. The Canada Lily, 
with yellow spotted drooping flowers, may be seen in wet 
meadows towards the last of June, and early in July. The 
Philadelphia Lily blooms also in July ; its flowers are red- 
There are some pure white, and others yellow, growing in 
various parts of the country. Among the foreign genera 
are several species. Of the Martagoii^ or Turk's-cap Lilies, 
there are some beautiful varieties ; as the Caligida^ which 
produtes scarlet flowers; and there is one called the Crown 
of Tunis, of purple colour ; b.-sides these, are the Double 
Violet Flamed, the \Miite, the Orange, and the Spotted ; 
these are all hardy, and may be planted in various parts of 
the garden, by taking out a square foot of earth, and then, 
after manuring and pulverizing it, the bulbs may be planted 
therein before the setting in of Winter, at difierent depths, 
from two to four inches, according to the size of the bulbs. 
Some of the Chinese varieties are very beautiful, as the 
Tiger, or Leopard Lily, and the dwarf red Lilhim con 
colour. There are others with elegant silver stripes, which 



88 NARCISSUS, 

are very showy, and there is one called Lilium superhum, 
that has been known to have had tweiity-five flowers on a 
stalk. 

Besides those above enumerated, there are some others 
which are generally cultivated in greenhouses, as the Calla^ 
or Ethiopian Lily ; and the following which have been 
known to endure our Winters, by protecting them with 
dung, &-C. Lilium longijlorum^ in two varieties ; these pro- 
duce on their stalks, which grow from twehe to eighteen 
inches high, beautiful rose-coloured flowers, streaked with 
white, which are very sweet-scented. These joots are 
sometimes kept out of the ground until Spring, and then 
planted in the flower borders, but they should be preserved 
carefully in sand, or dry mould. Lilium Japon^cum. Of 
these there are two varieties, which produce sever d sialks at 
once, yielding very showy flowers. One of the v.nieties is 
blue flowered, and the other produces flowers of ihe purest 
white. 



NARCISSUS, 

The species and varieties of this plant are numerous* 
The Incomparable is perfectly hardy, and j)r()duces its 
flowers in April, which are called by some pasche, or paus 
flowers, by others, butter and eggs ; perhaps because their 
bright yellow petals are surrounded whith large white ones. 
Some persons dislike the smell of these, and it is said that 
the adour has a pernicious efl*ect upon the nerves; but the 
white fragrant double, as well as the JRoman and Poly- 
anthus Narcissus, are free from this objection, being of a 
very grateful and agreeable smell. Some of these are justly 
held in great esteem for their earliness, as well as for their 
varied colours. The Grand Monarque de France, the Belle 
Legoise, and same others, have white flowers with yellow 
cups. The Glorieux has a yellow ground^ with orange- 



ORNITHOGALUM, OR STAR OP BETHLEHEM. 89 

coloured cups ; besides these are some white and citron- 
coloured, as the Luna, and others entirely white, as the 
Rein Blanche, and Morgenster. AH these varieties are very 
suitable either for the parlour or greenhouse, and may be 
plfinted in pots, from October to December, from two to three 
inches deep. The double Roman Narcissus are very sweet- 
scented ; if these be planted in pots, or put into bulb glasses 
in the month of October, they will flower in January and 
February. 

Polyanthus Narcissus are more delicate than Hyacinths 
or Tulips ; when they are planted in the open border, they 
should be covered about four inches with earth, and before 
the settinof in of Winter, it is advisable to cover the beds 
with straw, leaves, or litter, to the depth of six or seven 
inches, and to uncover them about the middle of March. 



ORINTHOGALUM, OR STAR OF BETHLEHEM. 

There are about fifty varieties of these bulbs, natives of 
the Cape of Good Hope, some of which are from three to 
five inches in diameter, and shaped similar to a pear; 
others are much like Hyacinth bulbs. — Among those culti- 
vated in America arc the O, Jacteum and the O. aurtum ; 
the former produces fine white flowers, and the spike is 
about a foot in length ; the latter produces flowers of a 
golden colour, in contracted racemose corymbs. The 
O. maritimiim, or Sea Squill, is curious ; from the centre of 
the root arise several shining glaucous leaves, a foot long, 
two inches broad at the base, and narrowintr to a point. If 
kept in a greenhouse, these are green during Winter, and 
decay in the Spring : then the flower-stalk comes up rising 
two feet, naked half way, and terminated by a pyramidal 
thyrse of white flowers. 



90 OXALIS — P^ONY. 

These bulbs are generally cultivated in the greenhouse, 
and require a compost consisting of about one-half fresh 
loam, one-third leaf mould, and the remainder sand, in 
which they may be planted in September. \N hen cultiva- 
ted in the garden, they should be planted four or five inches 
deep, and protected with dung, &c. They produce their 
flowers early in June, 



OXALIS. 

The Oxalis is a native of the Cape of Good Hope ; the 
species are numerous, and their roots are veiy small bulbs, 
articulated, jointed, or granulated, in a manner peculiar 
to this genus. They produce curious flowers of various 
hues, yellow, purple, rose, red, white, striped, vermilion 
colour, &c. The bulbs should be planted in very small 
pots in August and September, in a compost, consisting of 
about two-thirds loam, and one-third leaf or light mould, 
and treated in the same manner as other Cape Bulbs. 
They increase in a peculiar manner, by the parent bulb 
striking a fibre-down from its base, at the extremity of which 
is produced a new bulb for the next year s plant, the old 
one perishing. These plants wtil flower freely in a green- 
house. 



PiEONY. 



»* Pseonia round each fiery ring unfurls, 

Bares to the noon's bright blaze her sanguine curls."" 

Of this genus of splendid plants there are known to be 
about twenty species, and as many varieiies. It is said 
that the PcBonia officinalis rubra, or common double red 
Pseony, was introduced into Antwerp upwards of two centu- 
ries ago, at which time it was sold at an enoimous price. It 
has since been highly esteemed in Europe and America, 



PJEONY. 91 

and is to be found in all well-established jyardens, exhibiting 
its vivid crimson petals early in June. Many superb species 
have of late years been brought from China, a few of which 
may be noticed, with some others whicli are in very great 
repute. 

Pmonia a.oa Chinensis is one of the hrest of the herba- 
ceous sorts. The flowers are Avhite, tiiigcc. svith pink at 
the bottom of the petals. 

P. edulis ivhitliji has also white flowers, which are very 
large and splendid. 

P. edulis fragrans, is a fine large double scarlet variety, 
and produces flowers perfumed like the rose. 

P. humci has beautiful large double dark blush-coloured 
flowers. 

P. paradoxa Jimhriata, produces fringed double red 
flowers, which are very beautiful. 

These are all hardy, and may be planted about four 
inches deep in the garden, in October or November. The 
flowers exhibit themselves to the best advantage, when 
planted on a bed that is elevated, and of a circular form. 

The fallowing are half harciy and half shrubby ; these 
have bietk known to survive the Winter by being well pro- 
tected, Ljt are kept much better in a greenhoui;e ; and they 
also exhibit their flowers to greater vidvantage than when 
exposed to the full sun. 

P. moutan Banksiif or Tree Paeony, produces very large 
double binsh flowers in abundance, wiili feathered edges to 
every petal. This variety is highly deserving of cultivation. 

P. moutan rosea is a fine rose-coloured double variety, 
and produces very splendid flowers 

P. mtutan pajjaveracea produces very large white flowers, 
with pink centres. This splendid variety frequently bears 
flowers from nine to eleven inches in diameter. 

Besides the above, are several others of various colour*, 
some of which are semi.double. 



92 
TULIP. 

"• For brilliant tints to charm the eye, 
What plant can with the tulip vie? 
Yet no delicious scent it yields 
To cheer the garden, or the fields ; 
Vainly in gai.dy colours drest, 
'Tis rather gazed on than caressed." 

The Tulip is a native of the Levant, and lias been in 
cultivation nearly three centuries. It may be justly entitled 
the King of Flowers, for the brilliancy and endless com" 
bination of all colours and shades. The varieties of the 
Tulip are very numerous, and are divided into different 
classes. Those cultivated in regular beds by amateurs are 
rose-coloured, hyhlocmcn and bizarres. There are a great 
many beautiful varieties, denominated Parrot TuWips, which 
Iiave notched petals, and striped or diversified with green • 
and also some very dwarfish kinds, both single and double, 
which are generally cultivated in parlours and greenhouses. 

Mr. T. Hogg, of Paddington, near London, has pub' 
lished a work, entitled, "A Treatise on the Culiivation of 
Florists' Flowers," which comprises the Tulip, Carnation, 
Auricula, Ranunculus, Polyanthus, Dahlia, German and 
China Asters, Seedling Heartsease, and New Annuals. In 
that work, which is dedicated to Queen Adelaide, the author 
remarks that the cultivation of the Tulip is one of the most 
fascinating and pleasing pursuits imaginable, and that when 
the " Tulip mania has fairly got hold of any one, it sticks 
to him like the skin on his back, and remains with him the 
rest of his life." He instances a Mr. Davey, of Chelsea, 
as being in his seventy-fifth year, and in who^ic breast the 
fancy for Tulips was so predominap.t, that in the Autumn of 
1833, he was induced to part with a hundred sovereigns for 
one single Tulip, named "Miss Fanny Kemble." Perhaps 
abetter definition of what constitutes the properties of a 
good Tulip, conld not be given than a description of this 
" precious gem, or loveliest of all Tulips ;" but, lest my 



TULIP. 93 

readers should conclude that the old gentlemaii was in his 
dotage, I would inforia them that this favorite bulb was 
purchased of the executors of the late Mr. Clarke, with 
whom it originated, and tliat it had not only been tlie pet of 
its late owner, but had excited the envy and admiration of 
all the amateurs who went to view it. 

*' This precious gem, a byhloemen Tulip, was raised from 
one of Mr. Clarke's seedling breeders, and liroke into colour 
three years ago; it has produced two offsets since, and is 
adapted to the second or third row in the bed; tlie stem is 
firm and elastic; the foliage full and broad, of a lively- 
green; the Clip large, and of the finest form; the white 
pure and wholly free from stain ; the pei ciUing on the 
petals is beautifully marked with black or dark purple, and 
the feathering uniform and elegant; it preserves its shape 
to the last, the outer leaves not sinking from the inner ; in 
a word, it is considered the first flower of its cast, and the 
best that has ever been produced in England." 

The article in the work already alluded to, on the culti- 
vation of Tulips alone, occupies ninety- six pages ; I, 
therefore, cannot attempt any thing more than an abridge- 
ment of the author's ideas on some important points. 
Those of my readers who may desire full informat on, are 
referred to the work itself, which may be obtained of Mr. 
G. C. Thorburn. 

The follo'ving description may serve to govern tlie choice 
of amateurs : Tulips exhibited at the shows, are, in general, 
classed, and distinguished as follows: Flamed Bczarres, 
Feathered Bizarres, Flamed Byblnem-ns, Fea^he-ed By- 
hloemens, Flamed Roses, Feathered Roses, and Z^^clfs, or 
plain-colour. J. 

A Bizarre Tulip has a yellow ground, marked with 
purple or scarlet of different shades; it is cn\h' :\ Jamed 
when a broad or irregular stripe runs up the middle of the 
petals, with short abrupt projecting points, branching out 
on each side , fine narrow lines, called arched and ribbed 



94 TULIP. 

often extend, also, from this broad side to the extremity 
of the leaves ; the colour generally appearing strongest in 
the inside petals; a Tulip, with this broad coloured stripe, 
which is sometimes called beamed or splashed, is, at the 
same time, frequently feathered also. 

It is called feathered when it is without this broad stripe ; 
but yet it may have some narrow lines, joined or detached, 
running up the centre of the leaf, sometimes branching out 
and carved towards the top, and sometimes without any 
spot or line at all ; the peta's are feathered more or less 
round the GdgQ& or margin inside and out, the pencilling or 
feathering is heavy or broad in some, and light or narrow 
in others, sometimes with loreaks or gaps, and sometimes 
close and continued all round. 

A Byhloemen Tulip has a white ground, lined, marked, 
s'l'iped or variegated with violet or pur})le, only of various 
shades ; and whether feathered or flamed, is distinguished 
by the same characters and marks which are pointed out 
and applied to the Bizaired Tulips. 

A Rose Tulip is marked or variegated with rose, scarlet, 
crimson or cherry colour, on a white ground ; and the 
Feathered Rose is to be distinguished irom the Flamed by 
the same rules as described before; the Rose is very often 
both feathered and flamed. 

A Self, or plain-coloured Tulip, properly so called, is 
either white or yellow, and admits of no further change ; 
other plain-coloured Tulips, whether red or purple, are 
called breeders, and are hardly worthy of being exhibited. 
Mr. Hogg informs us, that £100, say $500, judiciously 
expended at the present time, will give a moderate sized 
bed, that shall contain the greater part of the finest varieties 
grown ; such a bed as £ci(i would not have purchased 
twelve or fourteen years ago. 

To describe minutely the mode of planting a regular bed 
of Tulips would exceed our limits ; suffice it to state that 
the name of every bulb should be written in a book, and 



TULIPS. 95 

that they should be so classed as to have the varied colours 
to show advantageously ; to this end, the tallest should be 
allotted for the middle of the bed, and others in regular 
gradations, so as to have the most dwarfish on the sides. 
The bulbs must be covered with good mould, to the depth 
of three inches from the top of the bulb on the sides of the 
bed, and about four inches in the middle. Let a small 
spoonfid of clean drift sand be used around each bulb, and 
see that the bed be left sufficiently round from the middle 
to the edges. The beginner must understand that no un- 
sightly tallies, or number sticks, are to distinguish the 
Tulips ; but that he must adopt a sort of ground plan, divi- 
ding the whole bed into rows of seven bulbs across ; for 
example, take and write down the names and places of the 
Tulips in the first row, and continue the same form all 
through to the other end of the bed. 

Row 1st. 
No. 1. Fenelon, this is a Bybloemen. 

2. Duchess of Clarence, - - Rose-coloured. 

3. Charlemagne, . . - - Bybloemen. 

4. Louis the Sixteenth, - - Bybloemen. 

5. Memnon, ' Bizarre. 

6. Volney, Bybloemen. 

7. Lady Crewe, ... - Rose-coloured. 

Good fresh loam, taken from under heallhy gross sods, is 
the most suitable soil for Tulips to grow in ; under which 
should be buried, to the depth of a foot, about two inches 
thickness of well rotted cow or horse droppings. The reason 
for placing the dung so low is, that the fibres may get down 
to it, (which they will do,) and that the bulbs may not 
be injured by it, as is apt to be the case if too much dung is 
used around them. The best time for planting the bulbs, is 
early in November, and the beds should be made a fortnight 
previous, in order that the earth may become sufficiently 
settled. 



96 TUBEROSE, TIGER FLOWER. 

If severe frosts set in, after the Tulips show themselves 
above ground in the Spring, some protection should be 
given ; single mats placed over hoop bends answer very 
well ; and at the time of blooming, an awning should be 
erected over them, sufficient to screen the Tulips from the 
intense heat of the sun, which awning should be sufficiently 
spacious to admit of persons walking under it, to view the 
beautiful flowers to the greatest possible advantage. 



TUBEROSE. 

This fragrant and delightful flower has been cultivated in 
English flower gardens for upwards of two centuries; there 
the bulbs are generally cultivated in pots early in the Spring, 
and transferred to the flower borders as soon as it becomes 
settled warm weather; for they are very tender. They 
generally succeed very well here, if planted at once in the 
open borders towards the end of April, and produce flowers 
which are pure white, and highly odoriferous, on a stem 
from three to four feet high. 

The bulbs produce a number of offsets, which should be 
preserved with the parent plants through the Winter, and 
then parted oft' and planted by themselves in April or early 
in May, to produce flowering roots for the ensuing year. 
These roots thrive best in a light rich soil, well pulverised, 
in which they should be planted about two inches deep, not 
forgetting to take them up agam before the approach of 
Winter. 



TIGER FLOWER. 

[ Perhaps there is no flower treated of in this work, that is 
more beautiful than some of the species of the genus 



TIGER FLOWER. 9^ 

Tigridia. Like all Mexican bulbs, these are tender, and 
should either be cultivated in the greenhouse, or carefully 
preserved until settled warm weather, and then planted in 
good light soil, in a sheltered situation. A bed of these 
beautiful flowers would afford as much gratification to some, 
amateurs as a bed of Tulips. 

The Tigridia conchijlora is of arichyellow colour, tinged 
and spotted with white and crimson ; the colours are very 
vivid and finely contrasted. The Tigridia pavonia is of 
the brightest scarlet, tinged and spotted with brilliant yellow. 
The corolla which is about four inches in diameter, is com- 
posed of six petals ; the outer petals are thrown backward, 
and exhibit the blossom in all its splendour, which exists 
only a single day ; but as if to compensate for its transient 
visit, each plant will produce numerous flowers; and where 
a bed of them can be collected, they will amuse their admi- 
rers for several weeks from July to September. In such a 
case, the bulbs may be planted about two inches deep ; say 
nine by fifteen inches apart, towards the end of April 
or early in May, and taken up again in October, to preserve 
for planting the ensuing year. 



OBSERVATIONS 

ON THE 

CULTURE OF BULBOUS ROOTS, 

IN POTS OR GLASSES, IN THE WINTER SEASON. 



The culture of bulbous roots in a greenhouse, or light 
room, during the Winter, is comparatively easy, provided two 
points be attended to; the first is to keep them near the light, 
and to turn the pots or glasses round frequently, to prevent 
their growing crouded ; and the second is, when the plants 
have done growing, to give them little or no water ; 
for want of attention to these points, bulbs have been known 
to produce foliage, year after year, without showing any 
sign of blossoms. 

All bulbs have a certain period of the year in which they 
are in a dormant state; this, in a state of nature, is invariably 
after the seeds are ripened ; but as in a greenhouse, many of 
this family do not ripen seeds, the cultivator should watch 
the period when the leaves show indications of decay ; at 
which time, the supplies of water should be lessened, and 
shortly afterwards the earth should be suffered to get dry and 
to remain so until the season returns, when the bulbs reger- 
minate. 

Many sorts of bulbs are best kept in pots, under the soil, 
in a dry shady place, and in the same temperature as that 
in which they are in the habit of growing ; but others, such 
as the Hyacinth, Tulip, Narcissus, &c. may be taken out of 
the soil, and preserved as before directed, until the proper 
season for replanting. 

Dutch bulbous roots intended for blooming in pots during 
the Winter season, should be planted during the months of 



CULTURE OP BULBOUS ROOTS IN ROOMS. 99 

October and November, and be left exposed to the open air 
until it begins to freeze ; and then be placed in the green- 
house, or in a room where a fire is usually made. They 
will need moderate occasional waterings, until they begin to 
grow ; then they should have abundance of air in mild 
weather, and plenty of water from the saucers underneath 
the pots, whilst in a growing state ; and should be exposed 
as much as posible to the sun, air, and light, to prevent the 
foliage from growing too long, or becoming yellow. 

For this purpose, single Hyacinths, and such as are 
designated earliest among the double, are to be preferred. 
Single Hyacinths are by some held in less estimation than 
double ones, their colours, however, are more vivid, and 
their bells, though smaller, are more numerous ; some of 
the finer sorts are exquisitely beautiful ; they are preferable 
for flowering in Winter to most of the double ones, as they 
bloom two or three weeks earlier, and are very sweet scented. 
Roman Narcissus, double Jonquils, Polyanthus Narcissus, 
double Narcissus, and Crocuses, also make a fine appear- 
ance in the parlour during Winter. It is a remarkable 
circumstance of the Crocus, that it keeps its petals expan- 
ded during tolerably bright candle or lamp light, in the same 
manner as it does during the light of the sun. If the candle 
be removed, the Crocuses close their petals, as they do in a 
garden when a cloud obscures the sun ; and when the 
artificial light is restored, they open again, as they do with 
the return of the direct solar rays. 

Hyacinths and other bulbs intended for glasses, should be 
placed in them about the middle of November, the glasses 
being previously filled with pure water, so that the bottom 
of the bulb may just touch the water ; then place them for 
the first ten days in a dark room to promote the shooting of 
the roots ; after which expose them to the light and sun as 
much as possible ; they will blossom without the aid of the 
sun ; but the colours of the flowers will be inferior. The 
water should be changed as often as it becomes impure ; 



100 CULTURE OP BULBOUS ROOTS IN ROOMS. 

draw the roots entirely out of the glasses, rinse the fibres m 
clean water, and also the glasses inside ; care should be 
taken not to suffer the water to freeze, as it not only bursts 
the glasses, but often causes the fibres to decay. Whether 
the water be hard or soft, is of no great consequence ; but 
soft, or rain water, is generally preferred, and it must be 
perfectly clear. 

Forced bulbs are seldom good for any thing afterwards ; 
however, those who wish to preserve them, may immerse 
them wholly in water for a few days ; and then having 
taken them out, and dried them in the shade for a short time, 
tliey may be planted in a good soil, which will sometimes 
cause them to flower the second year. It does not clearly 
appear in what way the water operates when the bulb is 
wholly immersed ; but it is certain that bulbs so treated 
increase in size and solidity, and have an incomparably 
better chance of flowering the second year, than those which 
have not been so treated ; most probably their total immer- 
sion enables them to obtain a greater proportion of oxygen 
from the water. 

Nosegays should have the water in which their ends are 
inserted changed, on the same principle as bulbous roots ; 
and a much' faded nosegay, or one dried up, may often be 
recovered for a time, by covering it with a glass bell, or cup, 
or by substituting Avarm water for cold. 

Very fine Hyacinths have been grown in a drawing-room, 
in the following novel manner. A quantity of moss, classi- 
cally called ht/jmum, and vulgarly fog, was placed in a 
water-tight box, about eight or nine inches deep, into which 
the bulbs were placed at the end of September, without 
mould and duly watered ; the result of this experiment 
was highly favourable. 



101 
OBSERVATIONS 

ON 

THE GENERAL MANAGEMENT 

OP 

GREENHOUSE PLANTS. 



Having already exceeded my limits, I am compelled to 
be brief in iny observations on such ornamental plants as 
are generally cultivated in hot and greenhouses. Thi^ 
description of plants embraces those which are collected from 
various climates, and thrive best in a temperature and soil 
similar to that in which nature first produced them : hence 
they who propagate exotic plants, must provide suitable 
composts, and also separate departments, where the differ- 
ent degrees of heat may be kept up according to their 
nature and description. Some of these are raised from seed 
sown in the Spring, others by layers, suckers, and offsets 
detached from the old plants, and many by slips or cuttings, 
planted at different seasons of the year, according to their 
various natures and state of the plants. Many kinds require 
the aid of glass coverings and bottom heat, created by fresh 
horse-dung, tan, &c. See calendar and index. 

Were I to attempt to give directions for the propagation 
of all the varieties of useful and ornamental exotic plants 
cultivated in various parts of our country, it would require 
several volumes. The catalogue of greenhouse plants 
alone, kept by the enterprising proprietor of the Linnean 
Botanic Garden at Flushing, occupies fifty pages of close 
matter; it would, therefore, be impossible to do justice to 
the subject without dividing upwards of two thousand 
species of plants into classes, and treating of thern under 

9* 



102 MANAGEMENT OP GREENHOUSE PLANTS* 

distinct heads; I shall, therefore, not attempt in this edition 
to write largely on the subject. 

In order to render this little work useful to those who 
may wish to avail themselves of the pleasure of nursing 
some of those beauties of nature in dwelling or green- 
houses, during the mostchilHng days of our severe Winters,, 
and to afford amusement to the Ladies at a season when our 
gardens are deprived of their loveliest charms, I shall notice 
some essential points connected with the management of 
greenhouse plants, in as explicit a manner 'as possible, and 
subjoin a brief catalogue of such species as are most gene- 
rally cultivated, of which there are innumerable varieties; 
descriptions of which, with all the varied features of the 
floral kingdom, may be found in the volumnious woriis of 
Loudon, Sweet, Chandler, and other English writers.* 

The following hints which were selected for the first 
edition of the Young Gardener's Assistant, appear to the 
author to embrace the most important points connected with 
the care of plants in the Winter season. 



* All the most popular English books on this subject, are imported 
by G. C. Thorburu, No. 11 John Street; amongst which are the 
following : 

"Loudon's Encyclopaedia of Plants," ilhistrated by engravings and 
with figures of nearly ten thousand species, exemplifying several indi- 
viduals belonging to every genus included in the work. Completed in, 
one large volume, 8vo. - - - - - $20,00 

'' Loudon's Encyclopaedia of Gardening," comprising the Theory and 
Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture and Landscape 
Gardening ; including all the latest improvements. A new edition in 
one large volume, 8vo. closely printed, with upwards of 700 engra- 
vings, »^12,00 

" Chandler (of London) on the Camellia; containing ample directions 
for the cultivation of this fine plant, with a superb plate of all the present 
known varieties in England. ; one volume, 4to. - - $45,00 

"Hortus Brittanicus;" a Catalogue of Plants cultivated in the 
gardens of Great Britain, arranged in natural orders, - $6,00: 

"The British Flower Garden;" containing coloured figures, and 
descriptions of all the most ornamental and curious plants; with their 
scientific and Enghsh names ; best method of cultivation and propaga- 
tion : the heights they generally attain ; or any other information res- 
pecting them, that may be considered useful or interesting, by R. 
Sweet,F.L, S. «fec.. the drawings by E. D. Smith, F. L. S. inSvolumes, 
8vo. calf, and continued in monthly numbers. — A splendid work, $100 



MAiVAGEMEPJT OF GREENHOUSE PLANTS. 103 

TI16 generality of those denominated greenliouse pla^its, 
andwliich are kept in rooms, should be placed where they 
can have the light of the sun, without being exposed to 
frost. Air, l^eat, and moisture are essential to the growth 
of plants ; but these should be given in due proportions, 
according to circumstances. In frosty weather they should 
be kept from the external air, atid watered very sparingly. 
When water is necessary, it should be applied in the morn- 
ing of a mild sunny day. The plants should be kept free 
from decayed leaves^ and the earth at the top of the pots 
should be sometimes loosened to a moderate depth, and 
replenished with a portion of fresh compost. 

Plants kept in private houses are often killed with kind- 
ness. The temperature of a room in the Winter, need not 
be more than ten degrees above freezing. If plants are 
healthy they may be kept so by attention to the preceding 
hints; uniiealthiness generally arises from their being 
subjected to the extremes of heat, cold, or moisture, or from 
total neglect. 

In order that the ideas above advanced may be duly 
considered, it may be useful to indulge in a more minute 
description of the nature of plants, and to show in what 
manner the elements operate upon them. It is an acknow- 
ledged fact, that the roots of plants require moisture, and 
therefore penetrate the earth in search of it, and that the 
plants themselves are greatly nourished by air, and spread 
their branches and leaves to catch as much as possible its 
enlivening influence. Light also is so far essential, that 
there can be no colour without it ; witness the blanching of 
celery and endive, where the parts deprived of light become 
white ; place a plant in almost any situation, it will invari- 
ably show a tendency to turn to the light ; the sunflower is 
a striking example of this singular fact. As the leaves 
supply the plant with air, aud the fibres of the roots with 
nourishment, to strip oft' the leaves or destroy the fibres, is- 
to deprive it of part of its means of support. 



104 MANAGEMENT OF GREENHOUSE PLANTS. 

Having shown that air and water are essential to vegeta- 
tion, andJight to its colour, experience shows us that heat, 
in a greater or less degree, is not less necessary to the growth 
of plants; it is therefore requisite, that in taking plants into 
our rooms, we should attend to these particulars. 

The internal structure of plants is composed of minute 
and imperceptible pores, which serve the same important 
purpose in the vegetable as veins in the animal system ; 
they convey the circulation of the sap in the former, as the 
veins do the blood in the latter; but it is by no means 
set!i('J as yet l)y physiologists how the food of plants is taken 
up into the system, and converted into their constituent 

From the foregoing considerations and facts, it is evident, 
that, as air, heat, and moisture, are each essential to vegeta- 
tion, that water should only be given in proportion as heat 
and air are attainable. In the Summer season, greenhouse 
plants may be exposed to the open air, from the early part 
of May, until ihe end of September, by being placed on the 
ledges of windows, or on a stand erected for the purpose, 
or in the absence of a .nirsery bed of flowering plants, they 
may be introduced into the regular flower-beds, to supply 
the place of such plants as may wither and die in the course 
of the Summer, by being turned out of the pots and planted, 
or plunged in the earth with the pots. 

In the heat of the Summer season, plants generally 
require water every evening, and in the absence of dews, 
the earth about their roots may sometimes need a little in the 
morning; but experience shows, that the roots of plants 
more frequently get injured from being soddened with water, 
than fi'om being kept moderately dry. 

Having before intimated that exotic plants will generally 
thrive best in a temperature and soil similar to that in 
which nature first produced them, it may be necessary to 
remind the reader, that we have the means of obtaining 
suitable composts from our own soils, and from sand. 



MANAGEMENT OF GREENHOUSE PLANTS, 105 

decayed leaves, rotten dung, and various kinds of peat, bog, 
and rock mould; these ingredients being judiciously mixed 
and prepared, may be suited to all the various kinds of 
plants, and should be used as occasion requires. 

As the roots of plants make considerable growth in the 
course of a Summer, it will be necessary to examine ihem 
by turning them out of the pots ; this may be done early in 
September, at which time all matted and decayed roots 
should be pared off, and the plants shifted into larger pots, 
which being filled with suitable compost, and watered, will 
be ready for removal into the house on the approach of 
cold nights, which is generally early in October. 

Greenhouse plants require an annual pruning, and should 
be occasionally headed down, in order that their size and 
appearance may be improved ; the best time for doing this 
is soon after they have done flowering, and while they are 
in a growing state. 

Having endeavoured to furnish my readers with the 
artificial means of preserving tender plants in a climate 
foreign to that which nature first produced them, I shall 
call their attention to another class of plants well calculated 
for the windows of a house. 

I allude to the many beautiful varieties of the Chinese 
Chrysanthemum; these are frequently cultivated in pots, 
and may betaken from the ground and put into pots, even 
when in full flower, without injury, and when the bloom is 
over, returned to the garden. In the Spring following, they 
will throw up an abundance of suckers. 

The following list contains some of the best varieties of 
the Chrysanthemum, and are entitled to a place in every 
flower garden. In October and November, when the waning 
year has left our gardens comparatively cheerless, these, 
with their various colours, deck them out in gaiety, and 
prolong the semblance of Summer. They are perfectly 
hardy, and will brave our severest Winters. 



106 CHRYS.'\NTHEMUMS. 

From the Catalogue of W, Prince 4' So7is, Flushing, L. L 



The gold bordered red; 
the petals are red, 
striped with golden 
yellow 

While quilled 

Pale buff, or orange 

Changeable, red and 
orange on same plant 

Lilac quilled. 

llose-colom-ed,or pink 

Liiuc and white, chan- 
gcaUe; the fioicers 
vary to lilac, to white 
with a purple cenlre, 
and to pure ichite 

Darkcrimson^orSx^an- 
ish brown 

Straw coloured quilled 

Golden yellow 

Tasselled White 



Semi-double quilleddo 
Paper white 
Quilled light purple 
Expanded do do 
Cluilled yellow 
DoTible Indian yellow 
Double Indian white 
Dark purple 
Early bhish 
Golden lotus 
Q,iiilled purple 
^ tarry j^urple 
Park's sma!lye!low7i??e 
Quilled salmon 
Semidouble quilled 
Pale orange 
Two-coloured red 
Curled buff, orsalmon 
Large lilac 
Late pale purple 



Quilled fine yellow 
Sulphur do 
Superb clustered do 
Small do 

Single flame yellow 
Quilled pirdi 
Quilled Orange 
Early crimson 
Curled lilac 
T w o c o 1 ure d i ncn r v' d 
Blush ranunculus 
Late quilled purple 
Tasselled lilac 
Tasselled yellow 
Yellow waratah 
Pale lilac 

Large buff,' superb 
Barclay's 
Ahon's 
! Sabine's. 



Chrysanthemumsmay be propagated from seed and cut- 
tings, and each plant will produce several suckers which 
may be separated every Spring, As the flowers are liable to 
be injured by the rain in Autumn, it is ridvisable to take up 
a few plants, and place them in a light rccm or greenhouse 
which will preserve them for some time. 

Many people keep their late blooming plants in the house 
through the Winter ; this is a bad practice, as the heat and 
want of air will exhaust or destroy the plants altogether. 
If the flowers fade before hard frost prevails, it is best either 
to plunge the pots, into the ground with the plants, ortoturn 
them out of the pots, and plant them, with the balls of earth 
entire, into the borders of the flower garden. 

Early in May, such as may be intended for potting the 
ensuing season, should be divided at the roots, if not potted 
and planted, each kind separate. One single stem is suffi- 
cient for a moderate sized pot, if the object be to have bushy 
plants ; but if showy plants are desired, one of each of the 
varied colours may be selected for each pot, which should be 



CATALOGUE OF GREENHOUSE PLANTS, 10? 

sufficiently capacious to liold them without crowding them, 
as this will cause the plants to grow weak and slender, if 
such happens early in the Summer, a stocky growth may be 
produced by clipping the tops, and they will bloom in great 
perfection in their usual season. 

INTRODUCTION TO THE 

CATALOGUE OF GREENHOUSE PLANTS. 

To promote brevity and avoid tautology, I here submit the 
following statement : — 

That the directions accompanying our catalogue of An- 
nual, Biennial and Perennial Flower Seeds, will apply to 
such plants in the green-house department as are ordinarily 
raised from seed. 

That the directions annexed to the catalogue of Flower- 
ing and Ornamental Shrubs, for propagation by cuttings, 
layers, &c., are applicable to a great proportion of the 
plants hereinafter described, and that the exceptions are 
shown in the monthly calendar. 

That such Bulbous roots as are generally embraced in 
Greenhouse Catalogues, from their being adapted to artiti- 
cial culture, have been already treated of, under each head, 
in numerous articles ; to which the reader is referred. 

That with the exception of Hot-house plants, which re. 
quire a uniformly warm climate to perpetuate their exis- 
tence, all such other tender and half hardy plants as need 
protection in Winter, may come under the denomination of 
Greenhouse Plants ; some species however, notwithstanding 
this concession, may be preserved in frames, pits, cellars, or 
warm rooms. 

That many of those species designated thus, § and 
thus t in our two first catalogues, are of such description > 
and as they have been treated of in the chapters thereto an- 
nexed, the following catalogue and explication will be 
necessarily brief, when compared with one general catalogue 
of exotic plants. 



108 



Acacia. Of this and the 3Hmosaj which are by some con- 
sidered as one genus, there are upwards of a hundred spe- 
cies and varieties, suited for artificial culture. The blossoms 
which are generally straw colour and yellow, except the 
most tender, some of which are crimson, succeed each 
other from February to June. 

Agapanthus, A beautiful species of Lily, producing large 
blue flowers from April to .lune ; some varieties have striped 
Jeaves and delicate white blossoms. 

Aloe. Of this genus, there are numerous species and 
varieties, some of which are very curious, being possessed of 
all the varied forms and figures peculiar to succulent plants. 
Some species flower annually from March to September, 
and all, except the Century Aloe, blossom frequently; the 
colours are generally yellow, pink, and red. The singular 
figure and habit of these plants render them desirable for 
greenhouse culture. 

Arbutus. European Strawberry tree. A half hardy ever- 
green shrub, of which there are several species and varieties} 
producing crimson and pink blossoms, and fruit which 
remain on the plant a considerable time. 

Ardesia, Chinese Ardesia. This is generally cultivated 
as a hot-house plant; and, if kept in the greenhouse, should 
be placed in a warm situation. There are several speciesj 
producing oblong shining leaves, pink flowers and red her, 
ries, which are very ornamental. 

Aster argopTiyllus. Musk Plant. A plant of no great 
beauty, but esteemed by some for its musky fragrance ; 
leaves ovate; lanceolate, and silky beneath. 

Aucuha Japonica. A half hardy shrub, with pale green 
leaves spotted with yellow. It produces small purple blos- 
soms, but is desirable for its foliage only : to preserve 
which in good condition, shade in the Summer is absolutely 
necessary. 



CATALOGUE OP GREENHOUSE PLANTS. 109 

Azatect. The Chinese species of Azalea are numerous 
and beautiful, producing blossoms of various hues, as white, 
purple, scarlet, yellow, «fcc., and some ^re striped and spot- 
ted, which succeed each other from February to May,under 
good cultivation. 

Banksia. A genus of plants named in honour of Sir 
Joseph Banks, of which there are over twenty species, all 
curious in flower, and variable in foliage ; colours, yellow 
and green. They generally blossom from May to August. 

Bcaufortia. There are two species of this beautiful 
shrub, yielding scarlet and pink flowers from the sides of 
their stalks, from May to July, 

Bcllis pcrcnnis. Daisy. This half-liardy dwarf species 
of which there are several varieties, as recorded in our Peren- 
nial Catalogue, are v/orthy of further notice, from their yield- 
ing thousands of button-formed flowers from January to July, 
or until checked by the Summer heat, from which they 
should be screened, by being planted in a shaded border 
in the Spring. The colours are white, red and variegated, 
and some, called hen and chicken Daisies, grow in clusters. 

Bletia tankervilli. A delicate plant, producing spikes of 
purple flowers, similar to the Hyacinth, from April to July. 

Bouvardia, Mexican Bouvardia. A beautiful plant, pro- 
ducing brilliant scarlet flowers from May to September, 
when carefully cultivated. 

Boronia, There are several species of this plant, natives of 
New Holland; the flowers of some are star-like, rose coloured 
and sweet-scented ; at perfection in April and May. 

BurcJieUia. A dwarf evergreen shrub, producing orange 
coloured flowers in large terminaie clusters, from March to 
June. 

Cactus. Of this family of plants there are numerous spe- 
cies supposed to be of different genera, from the variation of 
their character and habits. They belong to the hot-house, 
but succeed well in a warm room or good greenhouse. 
Some are formed into erect pyramids, others are of a trailing 

10 



i 10 CATALOGUE OF GREENHOUSE PLANTS. 

habit, and all produce from the sides of their succulen^ 
stalks and leaves, beautiful crimson, white, or pink flowers, 
from JMarch to August. 

Calceolaria. Of this species of delicate dwarf plants, there 
are several splendid varieties annually raised from seed ; 
producing red, yellow and orange coloured flowers from 
April to August, when shaded from the noonday Sun; they 
will otherwise suffer from heat. 

Caluthamnus. A beautiful evergreen shrub, similar to a 
dwarf pine, producing scarlet blossoms from the old wood, 
from April to November. 

Callicoma serratifolia. A beautiful plant, producing tufted 
yellow heads of flowers from May to July. 

Camellia. Of this admired Winter-blooming genus of 
plants, there are several distinct species, the varieties from 
many of which multiply annually. Its durable glossy fo- 
liage, and splendid flowers, which excel those of any 
other plant,will insure it a pre-eminence in every greenhouse; 
as in good collections, flowers of various hues may be 
gathered, from October to May. 

Cheiranthus. Under this title have been generally embra- 
ced all those fragrant and beautiful half-hardy species of 
"Biennial Plants, known as Wall and Gilliflowers ; the lat- 
ter species is now however denominated Mathiola in our 
catalogues. The beautiful blossoms and delicious fragrance 
of these families, from February to June, entitle them to 
more than a passing notice. Their perfumes are exquisite. 
Cineraria cruenta. Canary Aster. A dwarf half-shrub- 
by plant, producing purple blossoms in April and May. 

Cineraria maritima. Silvery-leaved Ragwort; or Powder- 
ed Beau ; A white plant, producing bright yellow globular 
flowers from April to June or July. 

Cistus. Rock Rose. A half-hardy dwarf shrub, of 
which there are upwards of twenty species natives of Eu- 
rope ; the flowers, which are white and purple, multiply 
abundantly in May and June. 



CATALOGUE OP GREENHOUSE PLANTS. Ill 

Citrus. Orange, Lemon, &c. This genus embraces the 
Orange, Lemon, Lime, Shuddock, &c. of each of wliich 
there are several vareties. Tliey are indispensable in a 
good greenliouse, for their handsome evergreen foliage, 
most ordoriferotis blossom.^, and beautiful golden fruit, 
which by careful cultiv.ition may be kept constantly on the 
plants. Those varieties vviih variegated, yellovY and green 
foliage, are very generally admired. 

Clethra arborea variegafa. A fine sweet-scented shrub, 
producing spikes of wliite downy blossoms ; the leaves are 
oblong and seriated, h iviog a gold-coloured edge. 

Currea. A genus of dwarf shrubby plants, consisting of 
several species, producing their orange, white, red and 
green blossoms frequently in the Winter, and sometimes in 
May or June. 

Coronilla glauca. A desirable ofreenhouse dwarf shrub, 
yielding numerous sweet-scented yellow flowers in clusters ; 
from January to April. There are other varieties which 
blossom in S'lmmer. 

Cotyledon (irhiculata. Cape Navelwort. A succulent 
plant, producing finger-like suckers and successional joints, 
which blossom annually ; the curiosity of the foliage, how- 
ever, is its chief recommendation. 

Crassida. A species of dwarf succulent plants, produ- 
cing scarlet and variegated wax-like flowers ; from April to 
June or July. 

Criiium amahile. A large beautiful flowering bulb, of 
which there are several species, chiefly calculated for hot- 
house culture, where some varieties frequently yield three 
stems of beautiful crimson, purple or white flowers, in a 
year. 

Daphne odora. A beautiful dwarf evergreen shrub, 
yielding white fragrant blossoms in many-flowered terminal 
heads, from December to March. There are other species 
and varieties, one of which has its leaves edged with 
yellow. 



112 CATALOGUE OF GREENHOUSE PLANTS. 

Diantlins. Under this name is embraced al! the admira- 
ble species of Carwations, Picotees, Pinks, Sweet Wil- 
liams, &c., recorded in our catalogue of Perennials ; and 
which are in universal esteem for their fragrance and beauty, 
from May to August. They are all hardy, except the Car- 
nation and Picotee tribes, which are well deserving green- 
house or frame culture. 

Di sma. A dwarf genus of heath-leaved shrubs., producing 
numerous small flowers of a white lilac or pink cidour ; some 
varieties of which are sweet-scented, from March to May. 

Dryandrus. To this genus belong several species, similar 
to the Bankslas', they are delicate plants, producing orange 
and straw-coloured thistle-like flowers in abundan,ce. 

Epacris. This is a native of New South Wales, of which 
there are several species, mostly erect growing plants, 
varying from two to four feet; the leaves are small, and the 
blossoms which in the varieties are crimson, pink, purple 
and white, are, under good cultivation, abundant from 
January to June. 

Erica. Heath. Upv/ards of five hundred species and 
varieties of this plant are cultivated in Great Britain, where 
a continued succession of bloom is kept up from January to 
December; the most prominent colours are wliire, scarlet, 
purple, yellow and red. They are desirable plants lo culti- 
vate in any country, as they furnish material for the bouquet 
in Winter, but they must be screened from the noon-day 
Sun in Summer, and only moderately watered ; as extremes 
of drought or moisture are destructive to this family of plants. 
Erythrina. Coral Plant. There are several spi cies of 
this plant, chiefly adapted to the hot-house, producing long 
spikes of crimson or scarlet flowers. Some keep them in 
good condition in a greenhouse; they must, however, be 
well attended to, and frequently repotted, which will some- 
times induce them to bloom two or three times in a year» 
Euphorbia. There are several species of this plant 
adapted to the greenhouse; some of which are beautiful, 



CATALOGUK Off GREENHOUSE PLANTS. 113 

especially the E. sphndens and Poinsett's, scarlet bacbty'd, 
or Euphorbia poinsetti. They flower freely from December 
to May, if kept in a warm part of the house. 

Eiipatorium elegans. A dwarf plant, producing white 
sweet-scented flowers early in the Spring ; to promote bushi- 
ness, the plant, after blossoming, should be closely pruned. 

Eutazia my rtifolia. A beautiful little evergreen shrub ; 
foliage small, but very neat, furnishing numerous red and 
yellow-coloured blossoms from March to May, under good 
culture. 

Ficiis elastica. India-rubber tree, and Eicus ausiralisj 
are both evergreen plants, and grow luxuriantly in a green- 
house ; the foliage, which is large and glossy, is pink on the 
under side. 

Ficus. Fig Tree. A plant easily cultivated, of which 
there are many species and varieties, which kept in pots or 
tubs, ia a temperature adapted to the Orange tree, will fruit 
freely, and ripen two crops a year. 

Fuchsia. Ladies Ear-drop. Of this beautiful dwarf 
shrub, there are several varieties, producing clusters of 
small scarlet flowers, the stamens of which are encircled 
with a petal of purple ; in bloom from April to September. 

Gardenia. Cape Jasmine. A very popular evergreen 
plant, producing white fragrant rose-lik%flowers, from May 
to August. There are several species and varieties, some 
of which are more dwarfish than others, but all are desirable. 

Gelsemiuin nitidum. Carolina Jasmine. A beautiful 
climbing evergreen, producing in the month of May, large 
yellow trumpet-like blossoms, of delicious fragrance. 

Gloxinia. A desirable herbaceous plant, of which there 
are several varieties, yielding beautiful showy flowers; colours 
blue, lilac and white. 

Gnapalium, Everlasting Flower. Of this plant there 
are several species or varieties, some of which yield clusters 
of yellow flowers, and others red ; from March to June. 
Gnidia, Flax-leaved Gnidia. A dwarf shrub, of which 

10^ 



114 CATALOGUE OF GREENHOUSE PLANTS. 

there are several varieties, furnishing pretty tubular and 
corjmbose straw- coloured flowers in the Winter and Spring. 

Heliotropiam. Peruvian Hehotrope. A species of soft 
shrubby dwarf plants, which, when cultivated in a warm 
situation, will yield abundance of delicate blue or purple 
flowers ; from January to September. 

Helychrysum. Eternal Flower. There are several spe- 
cies and varieties of this plant, producing soft downy 
foliage and durable flowers, which, if cut before they are too 
far advanced, will retain tiieir splendour several years. 

Hibiscus Cliinensis. This half-hardy herbaceous plant 
is worthy of a place in the greenhouse, as some species 
will yield flowers six inches in diameter, if well attended to 
and frequently watered; the colours are crimson and blush, 

Hoya. Wax Phint. A fine climbing species, adapted to 
the hot-house, the leaves being succulent, green and fleshy, 
require considerable heat and but little water. Some pro- 
duce pink flowers, and others white, in April and May. 

Hydrangea hortcnsis. The Hydrangea is a well known 
deciduous half-hardy soft-wooded shrub, producing large 
pink balls of blossom, when cultivated in a shaded border, 
from May to October; and by mixing iron dust from a 
blacksmith's sliop with the soil, or by giovi'ing the plants in 
swamp earth, or mould from decayed leaves, the flowers 
will become blue. 

Hypericum. St. John's-wort. A half hardy little plant, 
producing yellow flowers from April to June. There are 
several species, some producing scarlet blossoms. 

lUlcium Anise<^d Tree. A dwarf species of shrub, the 
leaves of which when rubbed, smell like anise; some pro- 
duce red, and oih(^rs yellow flowers, in Msirch and April. 

Iniiuofera. Indigo Tree. A free-flowe;"ing shrub, of 
whi.th fhire are several species ; the flowers, which grow 
in long panacles, are red, yellow and pink. 

Jasminum. Jasn ine. Of this favourite genus, there are 
several specif s of vajiou complexions. The Catalonian Jas- 



CATALO(iUE OF GREENHOUSE FLA^TS. 1 15 

mine, or /. grandiflorum, produces white fragrant blossoms in 
Winter; tlie Indian Jasmine, or J^, odoratissimura, and also 
the J. revolvtum, yield very sweet-scented yellow flowers 
from April to June, and the J. ojicinale, a climbing plant) 
blossoms through the Summer. 

Justicia. The jdants of this genus are generally cultiva- 
ted in the hot-house ; some produce scarlet flowers in large 
terminale spikes, from December to March, and others purple. 

Keniiedia. A beautiful evergreen climber, of which there 
are several species, producing blossoms of various hues, as, 
scarlet, blue, crimson, and purple, from February to June. 

Lager strannia. A half-hardy deciduous plant, the roots 
of which planted in the garden in March, will produce large 
spikes of red flowers, from May to August. 

Lautana. A genus of dwarf shrubs, which being culti- 
vated in the hot-house, or a warm greenhouse,wili yield their 
blossoms in April and May ; the species are of various 
colours ; yellow, orange, pink, white, piir})le, and vari^ible. 

Launis noh'dis. Laurel. This evergreen shrub is by 
some esteemed for its fragrant leaves ; there are several spe- 
cies designated as sweet bay, royal bay, &c, and seme spe- 
cies are without scent. 

Lavendala. Lavender. A species of soft- wooded half 
hardy plants with narrow scented leaves, yielding spikes of 
fragrant blue flowers in May and June. 

Lehenaultia formosa, A dwarf plant with heath-like 
foliage and bright scarlet blossoms; in bloom a long season, 
under good ruhure. 

heptospermum. This genus is somewhat celebrated from 
the leaves of the s'pecies L. 5co/>«;'/w??z being used by the crew 
of Captain Cook's ship as a substitute for Tea, the leaves 
having an aoreeable bitter flavour ; the blossoms which are 
small, are white. 

LfAicadtmhon. Silver Tree. A neat evergreen shrub 
with silvery-like foli ..f^.^ of which there are several species, 
all admirable for h* v beauty. 



116 CATALOGUE OP GREENHOUSE PLANTS. 

Linum. Flax. Two species of this plant are worthy of 
cultivation in a greenhouse, where thoy will hloom in Feb- 
ruary and March. The Linum trigynum produces large 
yellow flowers in clusters, and Linum ascyrifolium yields 
spikes of bkie and white flowers, which are similar to those 
of the Convolvulus. 

Lychnis corunota. Coronet-flowered Lychnis. This 
half-ha; Jy plant, embraced in our catalogue of Perennials, is 
worthy of protection; from its furnishing trusses of beautiful 
orange scarlet flowers, from June to August. As it yields 
no seed, the roots should be taken from the garden in 
Autumn, and returned the ensuing Spring. 

Magnolia. Most of the species of this justly-admired 
genus are hardy, and blossom in the Summer ; there are, how- 
ever, some of the Chinese varieties, which cultivated in a 
greenhouse, will produce their beautiful purple, yellow and 
white blossoms, from January to April. 

Melaleucas. A beautiful genus of plants, natives of New 
Holland ; the diversity of their foliage and singularity of 
flowers, some of which are scarlet, and shoot from the wood 
like fringes, render them worthy of good cultivation. 

Mesembryajithemum. A genus of succulent plants, con- 
sisting of hundreds of species and varieties, chiefly natives of 
the Cape of Good Hope. They vary greatly in their forms, 
attitudes, and habits of growth ; some are upriglit, others pro- 
cumbent, some are thick others cimeter or slender-leaved. 
They are all singular, asid many of them beautiful. The co- 
lours of the flowers, which are of every shade, are great orna- 
ments from May to August ; some S{)ecies and varieties are 
cultivated as Annuals in the Flower Garden, where they 
prove a great acquisition. 

Metrosideros. A genus of Australasian shrubs, some 
species of which are willow^ and others .<pear-leavcd, produ- 
cing their cones of s- arlet or white flowers, from March to 
May. 

Myrtus. Myrtle. A genus of dwarf evergreen shrubs, 



CATALOGUE OF GREENHOUSE PLANTS. 117 

of which there are several species and varieties ; the foJiage 
is chiefly glossy and fragiant, yielding numerous small 
flowers. There are some ppec'es known uf^ Cap;^ Myrtles, 
or Myrshies^ which ajjo yield abundance of white and 
purple flowers from March to May. 

Nandina donustica Japan Nandina. A half-liardy ever- 
green shrub ; leaves supja-d^compound, with entire lanceo- 
late leaflets ; a kind of foliage thai is \ery rare 

Nerium. Oleander. A well-known and admired shrub, 
yielding" clusters of rose-liUe flowers from May toSeptember. 
The Nerium sphndcns is ihe most esteemed of the red varie- 
ties ; the true double white and strii)ed are very late; but 
some of those cultivated for sale, producing semi-double 
flowers, are by no means desirable. 

01 ea fragrance. Dwarf Olive. This variety of the Olive 
recommends itself to notice, for its dwarf habit of growth, 
and from the foliage and white bios&oms being highly odo^ 
riferous, from March to May. 

Passi flora. Passion flower. Of this celeb';ated genus of 
climbing plants, there areseveral species and varieties, which 
produce splendid flowers of various colours, red, blue, white, 
purple, scarlet, &-c. beautifully contrasted, and some species 
yield fruit. They generally blossom from May to Septem- 
ber, and some will flower in the hot-house in Winter. 

Pelargonium. Geranium. The species and varieties, of 
this beautiful genus is suppot^ed to exceed a thousand, which 
are of every character, colour, and lineament, and some so 
beautifully blended as to astonish the beholder; the agree- 
able fragrance also, of which many of them are possessed, 
will always render them favourites to amateur florists. The 
best blooming season, is from April, to June or July. 

Pittosi)(}rum, A Chmt^se evergreen shrub, with hand- 
some glossy foliage, yielding numerous white clusters of 
flowers in April and May, which are of delicious fragrance. 
There are several species, one of which is variegated. 

Plumhag ) capmsis. Cape Plumbago. A beautiful dwarf 



118 CATALOGUE OF GREENHOUSE PLANTS. 

plant, with oblong leaves, yielding numerous spikes of showy- 
blue flowers nearly all ihe Summer. 

Polygata cordatu Heart-shaped Polygata. A beautiful 
little plant, producing abundance of rich purple flowers 
nearly all ihe Winter. 

Protea. A beauiilYil race of plants, the foliage of which 
is very diversified, and die flowers also ; being red, white, 
straw, brown, green and pu.ple, and most of these colours 
are frequently to be seen on the same plant; from March 
to June. 

Frimula. lii thi.s genus are embraced all the varieties of 
the Primrose, P(slyanihus, Auricula, Cowslip, Oxlip, &c. 
already inserted in our Biennial and Perennial catalogues. 
The flowers, which appear early in Spring, are mostly 
sweet-scented, and of various colours, red, white, yellow, 
lilac, purple, cninson, &,c., which in some are beautifully 
variegated. The above are natives of England; besides 
which are two varieties, white and pink, natives of China, 
producing umbels of flowers ; from January to May. 

Pyrus Japonic! a ba^ or Cydonia Japonica. One of the 
earliest flowering dwarf shrubs of the garden, producing 
beautiful blush flowers; there is another variety, which pro- 
duces scarlet blossoms, already described in our catalogue 
of shrubs as an evergreen, which is a mistake, they being 
both deciduous shridis. 

Reseda. Mignonette. This fragrant little plant have 
been already treaied of as an annual; it may, however, be 
kept under cultivation from January to December, by 
sowing seed at different seasons in a greenhouse or warm 
room. 

Rhododendron. Rose Bay. A beautiful genus of plants, 
chiefly natives of India, furnishing clusters of flowers of 
various shades, as purple, scarlet or crimson, and these 
variegated in spots and flakes; from March to May. 

Rosea. Rose. This Queen of Flowers so universally 
admired, nature seems to have distributed over the whole 



CATALOGUE OF GREENHOUSE PLANTS. llO 

civilized world ; and varieties iiave been so multiplied of 
late years, as to render it difficult to make a judicious choice; 
many of the new varieties, however, being shy bloomers, are 
not so desirable for greenhouse culture as the common 
China Rose, a select assortment of vviiich, carefully cultiva- 
ted, will produce blossoms from January to Decend>er. 

Rosmarinus. Rosemary. A fragrant half hardy slender 
leaved plant, which has been held in great esteem for ages. 
In some parts of Europe it is customary to distribute 
sprigs amongst the guests, at weddings and funerals. 

Riiella. A desirable plant, of which there are several 
species ; they produce purple or scarlet tunnel-shaped flow- 
ers ; from December to March. 

Salvia. Mexican Sage. A free-blooming plant, produ- 
cing in the different species, scarlet and blue flowers in 
spiked whorls; cuttings of which, if taken from stock plants 
in the greenhouse, early in Spring,and planted in good gar- 
den soil, will embellish the borders three or four months of 
the Summer. 

Scmpervirum arhoreum. Treehouse leek. A succulent 
plant, similar to the common house-leek, on a dwarfish 
stem; by some admired as an evergreen. 

Stape/ia. A genus of dwarf succulent plants, producing 
beautiful purple, striped, freckled and star-like flowers, 
within six inches of the surface ; in its varieties from May to 
November. 

Stevia serrata. Vanilla-scented Stevia. This plant, 
although usually cultivated as an annual, is worthy of 
greenhouse culture, from its aflbrding fragrant and orna- 
mental materials for bouquets the whole Winter. 

Strelitzia regina. Queen's strelitz. A beautiful dwarf 
plant, producing from a stalk from one to two feet long, 
several flowers of a bright yellow, contrasted with blue ; from 
May to September. 

Tecoma capensis. A perennial plant, producing 
orange-coloured trumpet flowers in clusters ; very similar to 
the Bigonia tribe, towards the end of Summer. - 



120 CATALOGUE OF GFvEENHOUSE PLANTS. 

Thea. Tea. Of this celebrated Chinese plant, wliicli 
supplies a great proportion of the human family with their 
domestic beverage, there are two varieties. Th&a virdis 
and Theci boliea. The plants when cuhivatedin a greenhouse, 
are by no means of rapid growth, nor are the flowers which 
are v/liite, of any great beauty. 

Tassilago fragrance. A ha'f-hardy herbaceous Peren- 
nial plant, by some much esteemed for its heliotrope 
scented blossoms, which spring up in clusters from De- 
cember to March. 

Verhend triphylla, named in some catalogues, Aloysa 
citrlodora, A deciduous shrub, generally admired for the 
fragrance of its leaves, which is its ciiief recommendation, 
the blossoms which are white, being small. 

Verbena. Splendid Verbena. A tribe of plants increas- 
ing in variety annually, and which already embrace every 
shade of colour, scarlc), blue, rose, lilac, white, pink, &c. 
Planted in the flower borders, they impart beauty and 
variety through the Summer, and cultivated in tlie green- 
house, they embellish it a great part of the Winter. 

Viburnum tinus. Laurustnius, A much-admired half 
hardy evergreen shrub, producing clusters of white blossoms 
from January to May. There are other species very 
similar in habit, and one with striped leaves. 

Viola. Violet. Of those beauties of the garden, some 
of which are denominated " Florist's Flowers," there are 
upwards of a hundred species and varieties. The early 
Violets are highly fragrant, and the variety and beauty of 
the Pansey tribe, almost exceed description or conception. 
As these splendid dwarf plants decorate the greenhouse and 
flower borders from January to December, they are worthy 
of careful cultivation. 

Yucca, aloe-folia, and its beautiful variety, variegata^ are 
desirable plants to cultivate, from their singular appearance, 
contrasted with other plants. Their blossoms, which 
are white, grow in spikes, but the plants do not flower much 
until several years old. 



1^1 

OBSERVATIONS ON THE WEATHER, 

AS INFLUENCED BY 

CHANGES OF THE MOON. 



Lest the reader should judge, from my introducing this 
subject, that I am an advocate for Moon-planting, in any 
other sense than in ascribing the various changes of the 
weather to the influence of that great luminary, I would 
here offer a few observations in reference to the practice 
and prejudices of many persons in choosing the first quarter 
of the 3Ioon for planting such vegetables as yield their 
produce above the surface, as Cabbage, &c. and the last 
quarter or wane of the Moon for such as grow and yield 
their produce chiefly in the earth, and below the surface, as 
Potatoes, &c. 

I would first observe, that if the Moon has any direct 
influence over vegetable productions, it must operate in 
many cases quite the reverse to what these theorists gene- 
rally aim at ; for instance, if the earth and weather should 
happen to be dry in the first week after planting certain 
species of seed, such would fail to germinate for want of its 
most essential aliment, moisture ; and in consequence of 
such seeds laying dormant in the earth, until after another 
change of the Moon, if that luminary influences the seed at 
all, in such case it must be contrary to the objects of the 
honest planter. 

As I deem this argument alone sufficient to shake the 
foundation of Moon-planting, in the sense I have described^ 
I shall at once submit to the reader's attention, the following 
observations, and table, from the pen of the justly celebrated 
Dr. Adam Clarke, Some exceptions, however, may be 
taken to his rules, with regard to the wind, which does not 
operate in all places alike. For example, in rainy seasons 
with us, the wind is generally East, North-East or South- 
East, and cold weather comes by a North-West wind. In 

11 



122 OBSERVATIONS ON THE WEATHER. 

England, where these calculations were made, it is in some 
respects different. 

" From my earliest childhood I was bred up on a little 
farm which I was taught to care for and cultivate ever since 
I was able to spring the rattle, use the whip, manage the 
sickle, or handle the spade, and as I found that much of our 
success depended on a proper knowledge and management 
of the weather, I was led to study it ever since I was eight 
years of age. I believe meteorology is a natural science* 
and one of the first that is studied ; and that every child in 
the country makes untaught, some progress in it ; at least, 
so it was with me. I had actually learned, by silent obser- 
vation, to form good conjectures concerning the coming 
weather, and on this head, to teach wisdom to those who 
were perfect, especially among those who had not been 
obliged, like me, to watch earnestly; that what was so 
necessary to the famil?/ support should not be spoiled by the 
weather before it was housed. 

Many a time, even in tender youth, have I watched the 
heavens with anxiety, examined the different appearances of 
the morning and evening Sun, the phases of the Moon, the 
scintillation of the stars, the course and colour of the clouds, 
the flight of the crow and swallow, the gambols of the colt^ 
the fluttering of the ducks, and the loud screams of the 
seamew — not forgetting the hue and croaking of the frogs. 
From the little knowledge I had derived from close observa- 
tion, I often ventured to direct our agricultural operations 
in reference to the coming days, and was seldom much mis- 
taken in my reckoning. 

The following table, purporting to be the work of the late 
Dr. Herschel, has been variously published. I have carefully 
consulted this table for years, and from a conviction, that no 
rules could be devised liable to so few exceptions ; I have* 
by a little alteration in its arrangements, prepared it for pub- 
lication, illustrated with such further observations as may 
be deemed interesting to the general reader." 



\ 



123 

For telling the Weather through all the Lunations of each year, for ever. 

This table from being constructed on a due consideration of the 
attraction of the Sun and Moon, in their several positions respecting 
the earth, will, by simple inspection, show the observer what kind of 
weather will most probably follow the entrance of the Moon into any of 
its quarters, and that so near the truth as seldom or never to mislead. 



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124 



MOJrTHLiY CAI.E]?fBAR. 



The object of this Calendar is to furnish in a condensed 
form, monthly directions for the culture of some plants not 
previously mentioned in this work ; and also to direct the 
reader's attention to the regular management of such plants 
as have been heretofore treated of. In pursuit of the 
latter object, references will be made to former pages, so as 
to exhibitj at one view, the business of the garden in each 
month of the year. The figures refer to the pages in which 
further directions may be found relative to the operations 
adverted to. 



JANUARY. 

'Prognostics foretoken most truly some things, 
Of Summers, and Autumns, and Winters, and Springs; 
By them from the past we may all ascertain 
The future, respecting the winds and the rain." 



Having shown in page 104, that Heat, Air, and Water, are 
the food of plants, and necessary to the preservation of 
their health and life, if given in due proportion according 
to circumstances, I would, at this season of the year 
especially, salute the gardener with a *'be ye temperate in 
all things." 

Temperance in the use of water, is of the utmost impor. 
tance in the Winter season, for several reasons which may 
be given. In the first place, water will attract frost, and, 
therefore, should be used very sparingly in frosty weather ; 



January.'] monthly calendak. 125 

another consideration is, that in the absence of heat and 
air, plants cannot absorb much moisture, and consequently 
must become injured from excessive watering ; and it may 
be observed further, that it is not prudent to keep plants in 
an extremely vigorous state, until the season arrives w^hen 
the external air is soft and salubrious ; they can then have 
a due proportion of heat, air, and moisture at the same time. 

Perhaps the next important point to be attended to at 
this time is, to see that the greenhouse, or room, in which 
plants are intended to be preserved, is calculated for the 
purpose. The room should be light and airy, and yet so 
secure as to prevent the intrusion of external cold air, or the 
departure of warm air in the night season. 

A Fahrenheit thermometer is indispensable in a green- 
house, or room, where plants are kept, and the temperature 
should be always up as nearly as possible to 40 degrees, in 
the absence of the Sun. If the gardener retire to rest in this 
variable climate, leaving the mercury much below 40, he 
may expect to find his plants frozen in the morning. 

A good brick flue is better calculated for heating a small 
greenhouse, than any other method ; because after a suffi- 
cient fire has been made to heat the bricks thoroughly, they 
will retain the heat through a Winter night, whereas an 
iron stove with its metal pipes will cool as the fire gets low; 
and expose the plants to cold, towards morning, which is 
the time they most need protection. The heat from iron is 
moreover too dry and parching, while an evaporation or 
salubrious steam may be raised from bricks, by sprinkling 
the flue occasionally, which would operate on the plants 
similar to healthful dew drops. 

At this season of the year especially, sitting-rooms, or 
parlours, are heated in the daytime to full 20 degrees 
higher than what is necessary for the preservation of plants ; 
consequently, as the heat decreases in the night season, 
plants often get injured, unless a fire is kept up. Air must 
be admitted to plants kept in this way, at all opportunities ; 

11* 



126 MONTHLY CALENDAR. [February, 

and more water will be necessary for such plants, than those 
kept in a greenhouse would require. For the management 
of bulbous roots, in pots or glasses, the reader is referred to 
page 98. 



FEBRUARY. 

*'A cold sour Autumn, they sternly maintain, 
A long severe Winter will bring in its tram ; 
If Summer and Autumn be both dry and warm, 
Calm opens the Winter, — it closes in storm." 

Having in the previous month discussed some important 
points relative to the general care of plants, I now proceed 
to notice a few of those kinds that require attention at this 
particular season : 

Camellias, or Japan Roses. — There are numerous 
varieties of this valuable class of plants, exhibiting every 
shade in succession, from desp crimson to the purest white ; 
in some imperceptibly blended, in others strikingly con- 
trasted. They are unrivalled objects of beauty from 
October to May, being set in a foliage of fine glossy verdure- 
Double Camellias are generally propagated on stocks of 
the single, which are procured by planting cuttings of the 
young shoots in light mould under bell glasses ; on these, 
when grown to a sufficient size, are inarched the finer kinds 
of double. Sometimes these latter are also struck by cut- 
tings ; but as their progress by such method is generally 
slow and uncertain, it is seldom resorted to. These valuable 
plants are too often injured by amateurs, from misapplied 
care bestowed upon them, so that their whole compensation 
and enjoyment is reduced to the mere possession of a hand- 
some green shrub. Destined from the extreme beauty and 
unrivalled delicacy of their flowers to become the chief 
pride and ornament of the greenhouse and drawing-room 
in the winter season, the Camellias should have a fair chance 
given them to exhibit their fine bloom in perfection. 



February!] monthly calendar. 127 

It should be observed, that Camellias are by no means 
tender shrubs, but require to be kept in a mediuiii even 
temperature, and they generally sacceed best in a green- 
house, where the atmosphere is damp. As the buds begin 
to swell, they will require more water than at any other 
time, which may be applied from the rose of a watering pot, 
or syringe, while in bud, but when in blossom it should be 
applied to the earth. 

If Camellias be kept where there is a dry air, occasioned 
from fire heat, they must have plenty of the natural air at 
all opportunities, or the buds will become brown and fall 
off; and if they are 'subject to extreme cold at night, 
which is too frequently the case, when kept in rooms of an 
uneven temperature, premature decay of the buds will 
inevitably be the consequence. 

To preserve Camellias in a healthy condition, they should 
be kept in fresh, moderately light soil, consisting of sandy 
loam taken from under grass sods, and leaf mould well 
mixed; nothing being more injurious to them than over„ 
potting ; they should not be shifted into larger pots, until the 
projection of the roots show evidently that they arc in need 
of it. Few plants bear privation of sunshine in Summer 
better than these ; they should, however, be kept in an 
open situation, where they can have a full share of light 
and air. 

Such bulbous roots as may be in progress of bloomingj 
will require attention this month ; turn them frequently to 
the light, as recommended in page 99, and increase the 
supplies of water as they advance towards perfection. 

Attend to Campanula Pyramidalis, HepeticaSy Mimu- 
lus, Senecios^ and herbaceous plants in general ; those 
not in bud should be watered very sparingly. Shrubby 
plants, especially those which bud and blossom in the Win- 
ter, and early part of the Spring, as the several varieties of 
Acacias, Azelias, Calceolarias, Correas, Coronillas, Dapl> 
nes, Diosmas, Eupatoriums, Eutaxias, Fuchias, Gnidias, 



128 MONTHLY CALENDAR. [February, 

Heaths, Laurustinuses, Lemon trees, Rhododendrons, 
Orange trees, &c., will requke water once or twice a week, 
according to circumstances, and air should be given at all 
opportunities, or the plants will not blossom in perfection. 

For the benefit* of such as may wish to raise early plants 
from seed, or to force Dahlia or other roots, I subjoin the 
following brief directions for making a small hot-bed : In a 
border exposed to the morning sun, let a pit be dug about 
thirty inches deep, five feet wide, and six long ; this will 
admit of two sashes, each three feet by five. A frame of 
suitable dimensions may be made of plank ; the back plank 
may be two feet wide, and the end ones sloped so as to 
make a fifteen inch plank do for the front. The frame 
beino- made, set it over the pit, and then get a load of horse 
dung, fresh from the Uvery stables, (not such as has lain 
long, or may have been soddened with water^) spread the 
dung evenly in the pit until full, then put into the frame 
light rich mould, or compost, to the depth of ten or twelve 
inches, and the seed may be sown as soon as it gets warm. 
It may be necessary to observe, that in making hot-beds, 
the quantity of top mould should be regulated according to 
the substance of manure in the pit, and this may vary 
according to the use the beds are intended for, or to other 
circumstances. After the seeds are sown, the beds will 
require constant attention ; cover up warm in cold nights, 
and give air at all opportunities, to prevent the plants from 
growing weak. 

As we are subject to North- West winds at this season, 
which produce extreme freezing, it will be better to delay 
the making of hot-beds to the first week in March, at which 
time opportunities will frequently offer of giving plants a 
tolerable share of salubrious air, which is indispensable to 
their preservation- 



March.] monthly calendar. 129 

MARCH. 

"If the Sun appear dim, surrounded with haze, 
And his disk ill defined, and faded his rays: — 
If white at his setting — of power if shorn, 
The signs are all certain, there'll soon be a storm." 

As the Spring progresses, the external air will be soft 
and salubrious ; at which time it should be freely admitted 
to plants kept in rooms and greenhouses. In proportion as 
the plants get air, tliey should have water applied from the 
rose of a watering pot. 

Monthly Roses will require attention this month. It 
should be recollected, that it is from the young wood of these 
plants that buds are to be expected ; their growth should, 
therefore, be encouraged, by admitting sun and air at all 
opportunities, and water when necessary. 

Primulas. — There are several species of plants under 
this name, which exhibit their blossoms in March and April ; 
some of which are very beautiful, as the Polyanthus, 
English Spring Flowers, Auricula, &c. ; but I would now 
direct the reader's attention to the Chinese varieties some 
of which are pure white, and others of a lilac colour. They 
are first raised from seed sown in the Spring, and will keep 
two or three years. 

Plants that are full grown, will commence blooming in 
December, and continue to produce umbels of flewers for 
five or six months, if well attended to ; they are generall}' 
in their prime this month, at which time a little water should 
be applied to the earth about twice a week. 

Many species and varieties of seeds may be sown this 
month in hot beds, prepared as directed under the head 
February, page 128. 

Auricula, Polyanthus, and all other species of Primula 
seed, should now be sown. Mignonette, Ten Week Stock, 
and Dahlia seed, from choice varieties, may also be sown 
in pots, and care should be taken when the plants are up, 
that they be not injured by excess of moisture. 107. 



130 MONTHLY CALENDAR. [Mttrck. 

There are some splendid varieties of the Schizanthus 
which deserve attention at an early season. They are 
rather difficult of cukivatioii in pots, being apt to suffer by 
excess of heat or moisture; and often, when in full bloom, 
die off suddenly by decays at the base of the stem. No 
plants will, however, more amply repay all the care and 
trouble that may be bestowed on them, than those of the 
elegant genus Schizanthus. The best soil for them is loam 
and leaf mould, with a small portion of sand. They 
should be repotted as often as the pots are filled with roots, 
till they come into full flower. 

All the different varieties of tender annual, biennial, and 
perennial flower seeds, designated thus § and thus t in our 
catalogues, pages 16 and 28, may be sown this month in 
hot-beds, or in pots kept in the greenhouse. 

Hyacinths, Narcissus, and other bulbs in glasses, must 
have the water shifted every week, and the glasses should 
be thoroughly washed every two or three weeks, 100 

Towards the end of the month, roots of Amaryllis for- 
fnosissima. Gladiolus psitacinna, Tiger flowers, Tuberous, 
and such other bulbs as may have been preserved dry 
through the winter, may now be planted in pots and kept 
in a greenhouse or light room, or else plunged in a hot bed, 
— Those who have no such conveniences may, however, 
delay the planting of sound bulbs, until the weather will 
admit of their beiiig planted in warm borders. 

Dahlia roots should now be plunged in a hot-bed, to 
forward them, with a view to their being separated, as soon 
as the eyes are discernible. 80. 



APRIL. 



"The state of the wind augurs rain, as they say; — 
When restless in changes, now this, now that way, 
Or hollow, comes whistling plaintively by, 
The rain it betokens is probably nigh." 

This is the most important month in the year for garden- 
ing operations. If not done towards the end of the last month 



April.] MONfHLY CALENDAR. iSl 

the covering must be taken from hardy flowering phmts, 
early m this month, and the beds and borders attended to 
as directed, pages 21 and 35 ; at the same time, clip edg- 
ings of box, and clean, relay, or make new gravel walks, 
&c., 13 ; prune and transplant flowering shrubs, 37 and 
51 ; transplant also hardy herbaceous plants, 32 and 83. 

Sow flower seeds ; the hardiest may be sown in the open 
borders, and the tender in the beds, 22 to 31. 

All the soil of a garden should be dug this month, if pos- 
sible, and pulverized as directed, 21 and 64. 

It will be necessary to look over all the greenhouse plants 
in the early part of this month ; let them be deprived of 
dead wood, if any, by a careful pruning; at the same time 
take oft' all yellow leaves ; the earth at the top of the pots 
should be loosened, so as to admit the sun and air to the 
roots of the plants, 103 and 105 

If insects prevail on roses or other plants, a fumigation 
with tobacco will be necessary. 

Bulbous roots will require some attention this month ; 
those in bloom in the garden should be tied up to wires or 
small sticks ; and those kept inside should be watered in 
proportion as they get heat and air. 

The Calla, or Ethiopian Lily, and the different varieties 
of Rhododendrons, will need frequent watering while in bud 
^nd blossom. 

Air must be admitted freely to all greenhouse plants 
towards the end of this month, in ordei" to prepare them for 
the exposure of the open garden next month. 

For the method of managing Dahlia roots, see 81 ; pre- 
pare to plant tender bulbous roots, towards the end of this, 
or early in the next month. The following should be for- 
warded in pots, which may be kept in a greenhouse or warm 
room, or they may be plunged in a hot-bed ; Amaryllises, 
66; Gladioluses, 82; Lilies, 87; Tuberoses, 96; Tiger 
flowers, 97. 

Hydrangeas, Pomegranates, Verbenas, and other decidu* 



135J MONTHLY CALENDAR. [May. 

ous shrubby plants, should be cultivated early in this month 
to promote the production of leaf and flower buds. 

Biennial seeds, such as Wall-flower and Stock Gilly- 
flower ; also all kinds of tender perennials should be sown 
this month, if not previously done in the greenhouse, or in 
hot-beds, 22,31 and 107. 

For an exhibition of the order of the flowering tribe in 
this month and the next, the reader is referred to an article 
entitled the Beauties of April and May, pages 52 to 61. 



MAY. 



*'Much dew on the grass, portends as all say, 
That day which succeeds will be a clear day ; 
But when no dew moistens the grass on the plain, 
Kind Heaven requites it by sending it rain." 

As the warm weather progresses, the gardener should be 
on the alert, in order to conquer the various kinds of insects' 
Burn tobacco leaves in the greenhouse, so as to fumigate 
the plants well, before they are removed into the open gat- 
den ; and such plants as may show any indications of being 
infested with the eggs of insects, should be sponged with 
soap-suds, and afterwards well syringed and watered. 
Frequent sprinkling from the rose of a watering-pot, will 
prevent insects from accumulating ; especially if the water 
be impregnated with tobacco, by a bag of the leaves being 
steeped therein a few hours previous to using it. 

Choice Geraniums will need attention this month, in 
order that they may exhibit their flowers to advantage. 
When in full bloom, care should be taken not to wet the 
foliage or flowers, but this may be done freely before the 
buds are expanded. 

If awnings were not provided last month, for the protec- 
tion of choice flowers, it should be attended to early in this 
month, 68, 85, and 96 ; Plant Amaryllises, 66 ; Double 
DahHas, 81 and 82; Gladioluses, 83; Lilies, 88; 



Mai/.] MONTHLY CALENDAR. 133 

Tuberoses, 96 ; Tiger flowers, 97 ; Sow annual, biennial 
and perennial flower seeds in the open borders, 22 to 31. 
Attend to the walks, edgings, &c. and see that tall plants are 
neatly tied to sticks, wires, or stakes, 14, 20, 82, and 85. 
Procure and plant such perennial plants ns may bo neces- 
sary to make variety in the flower beds, 27 and 32. 

Greenhouse plants may be set out about the middle of 
the month, and it should be done in cloudy weather, in 
order that they may be prepared gradually for the shilling 
of the sun upon them. A situation, exposed to the sun for 
only one half of the day, is preferable for most plants 
especially if they can be shaded at noon. 33. 

Many plants, such as Coronillas, Heaths, Aucubas, 
Myrtles, Oleanders, and several other sorts, are subject to 
be infested with white and brown scaly insects ; if these 
cannot be efi'ecually taken from the plants by washing 
and sponging, let the planis be headed down early in the 
month of May, and if they are well attended to, new branches 
will shoot out on the old stem. 

Such Orange trees as were budded last July or August, 
should also be headed down early in this month. 

Auriculas, Polyan-hus and Daisies, should be separated 
into single tufts, and planted in a shady border for increase, 
as soon as they have done blossoming. 

Such Carnations as may have been wintered in frames 
should now be exposed to the open air, in the flower borders. 
Tulips, which will be in full perfection by the middle of 
this month, will require constant attention. 96. 

Such greenhouse plants as may have done blossoming 
may be pruned this month, and if the cuttings be planted at 
this time they will strike freely. 105. 

Cuttings of Salvia splendens and fulgens^ will produce 
strong plants for blossoming in August, if planted early in 
this month, 119. Chrysanthemum cuttings should now be 
put down, and the suckers divided, and planted singly in the 
borders, or in pots, for flowering in the Autumn, 106. 

12 



134 Monthly calendar. [June, 

JUNE. 

" The sky dress'd in placid soft redness at night, 
Portends the next day will be cloudless and bright ; 
A fierce angry redness that shoots up at morn, 
And tinges the clouds, is a token of storm." 

The principal sowing season may be considered as past ; 
but if any faihires should have happened of former sowings, 
seeds may be sown the early part of this month, which if 
kept watered occasionally, will grow quickly. 

Greenhouse plants will need watering every evening, in 
dry warm weather ; and in the absence of dews, some 
sorts may need a little in the morning at sunrise, 104 ; 
Hydrangeas, Daisies, Polyanthus, Primulas, &c. should be 
kept shaded from the noonday sun, or they will droop, and 
some may die. Carnations and Pinks will need frequent 
waterings at the roots, and the branches should be tied 
neatly to rods. 

Such flowering shrubs as may have been planted late in 
the Spring season, should be regularly watered in dry weather. 
Give frequent waterings to the flower beds, in general ; cut 
down dead flower stalks ; remove decayed plants, and care- 
fully replace them with vigorous ones from the nursery bed. 
Transplant annual flower plants into the regular beds, with 
a small trowel or neat dibble, 26. 

Plant Colchicums, 69 ; finish planting Dahlias, and pro- 
vide poles for their support, 81andS2 ; water them occasion- 
ally in dry weather. 

Many sorts of bulbous roots will be ripe by the end of this 
month ; these should be taken up, and dried as directed, 
page 64. Those cultivated in pots should not be watered 
after the foliage is decayed, until the period of regermination 
takes place, 65 and 98. 

Nnmerous beautiful flowers exhibit themselves this month, 
some of which are noticed in an article entitled The Beautiet? 
of April and May, page 52 to 61. There are, howeve 



July.] MONTHLY CALENDAR. 135 

several others worthy of notice, which are omitted in that 
article. The several species of the Phlox are remarkably 
^ho wy plants, and very desirable to cultivate, as they blossom 
in their several varieties the whole season. Besides these 
are all the splendid varieties of Roses, Pinks, Lychnises, 
Sweet Williams, Fox Glove, Snap-dragons, Perennial 
Lupins, Verbenas, Veronicas, Valerians, &c. These should 
be all attended to, and their branches should be tied to neat 
stakes, so as to enable them to exhibit their flowers to the 
greatest possible advantage, 28 to 34. 

Dahlias that are intended for blossoming this year, should 
be planted by the middle of this month, if not done before. 



JULY. 



* When flowers toward evening their bosoms expand, 
And bask in the sunbeams, there's no rain at hand ;- 
But when they close up as if conscious of fear, 
They augur its coming — it no doubt is near." 



Greenhouse plants will need daily care at this season ; 
let them be watered every evening in dry weather. Such 
Geraniums as may have grown large and unwieldly, should 
now be pruned, in order that their size and appearance 
may be improved, 105. 

Garden Roses having done flowering for the season, 
should also be pruned. Cut out all old exhausted wood, 
and where it is too thick and crovvded, shorten such shoots 
as have flovvered, to a good fresh strong eye, or bud, accom- 
panied with a healthy leaf. All wood that grows after this 
pruning, will ripen perfectly, and produce large flowers the 
ensuing year. 

If dry warm weather, it may be necessary to water sucli 
flowering shrubs and roses as were planted in the Spring ; 
and if Dahlia plants could be watered two or three times a 



136 MONTHLY CALENDAR. [AugUSt, 

week, it would be beneficial to their growth. Give regular 
Sprinklings from the rose of a watering-pot, or syringe, to 
shrubby plants in general, but particularly Camelhas, Orange 
and Lemon trees, &c., in order to keep them in a healthy 
state. 

Such bulbous roots in pots, whose foliage have withered, 
should be kept dry until the period of regerminating, 65 
and 98 ; others may be taken up as soon as ripe, after 
which the offsets may be parted off, and both these and the 
parent bulbs dried for planting in Autumn, 64 

The flower garden should be kept weeded and watered^ 
and the seeds gathered as they ripen ; apply neat rods to 
tall-growing and running kinds of plantslS. Nip off curled 
and dead leaves, and destroy insects. 14. 

Orange and Lemon trees may be budded at any time 
this month, and those which were headed down in the 
Spring, should be examined, and all superfluous shoots 
must be pruned off with a sharp knife, leaving only the 
strongest ; the tops of which should be pruned off to pro- 
mote their branching. Myrtles, Oleanders, and such other 
plants as may have been headed down in May, will need 
similar treatment. 

Carnations, Pinks, Panseys, Running Verbenas, (fee- 
may be layed this month for propagation, 32 and 33 ; 
many kinds of cuttings, as Geraniums, Roses and exotic 
shrubs, may still be planted with success, 48, 



AUGUST. 

*' When clouds slow dissolve, as if turn'd into air, 
And vanish from sight, the next day vsrill be fair ; 
But v*rhen, in succession, they darker appear, 
With watery aspect, then know rain is near." 

Greenhouse plants will need particular attention this 
month. They should be watered every evening in dry wea^ 



August.] MONTHLY CALENDAR. 137 

ther, and as soon as the extreme heat of the Summer is past, 
which is generally by the latter end of this month, or early 
in the next, preparation must be made for replenishing with 
fresh compost, and repotting such plants as are intended to 
be cultivated through the Winter in a greenhouse, light 
room, or garden frames. Previous to the commencement of 
this business, let such compost as is suited to the various 
kinds of plants, be provided, 105. 

Those who may have a number of plants in various sized 
pots, should provide a few new pots a size larger than the 
largest in use ; the largest plants being shifted into the new 
pots, leave the next sized pots for the second-sized plants, 
and by pursuing this plan of shifting until the whole are 
done, the smallest pots will be left for such plants as have 
been propagated in the course of the Summer. 

The shifting of plants requires considerable attention and 
judgment, as some plants, if kept in too large pots, will sus- 
tain considerable injury : therefore, in such cases, where the 
fibrous roots have not spread around the pot, nothing more 
is necessary than to rub olF a little of the outside mould, and 
then to substitute fresh compost for the roots to run in. 

Such plants as may have become pot-bound, and whose 
roots are matted around the pot, will, in many cases bear 
reducing If the matted roots are carefully pared off, and the 
plants shifted into good fresh compost, they will soon take 
root, and grow freely : but it will be necessary to prune off 
all surplus branches of the plants, previous to repotting them, 
and to shade them for a week or ten davs. 

Pieces of tile, or broken pots, should be laid over the 
aperture at the bottom of the pots, to enable the surplus 
moisture to drain off, or the roots will sustain injury. 

The flower beds will need attention this month. Water 
Dahlias and other choice plants in dry weather ; cut down 
all decayed flower stalks, as soon as the seed is gathered, 
and pull up annuals as they cease to flower. 

Plant Oxalises in small pots. 90, and prepare compost 
for oth3r tender bulbs to be planted in pots next month 

12* 



138 MONTHLY CALENDAK. [Sej)temher. 

Rose shrubs, Orange, Lemon trees, &c. &c., should be 
budded easily in this month if not done before. 



SEPTEMBER. 

" Light vapours o'er valleys and rivers at night, 
Foretoken the next day salubrious and bright, 
Especially v/hen they at morning appear, 
To rise up the hill sides, and vanish in air." 

Such greenhouse plants as may have been repotted and 
pruned in the course of the Jast month, should be looked 
over, and if they have taken root, they should be exposed 
gradually to the Sun, and watered moderately in dry 
weather. 

If any of the greenhouse plants were plunged in the 
flower beds, ihey should be taken up and pruned early in 
this month, and then put into suitable sized pots, 33. 

Half-hardy perennials, such as Carnations, Daisies, 
Primulas, Lilies, Hydrangeas, &c. should be taken up, 
divided carefully at the roots, and then put into moderate 
siz.ed pots, and attended to as before directed for greenhouse 
plants. 

Many hardy kinds of flower seeds may be sown this 
month, 23 and 31. This is a good season to propagate 
all kinds of hardy perennial plants, by parting the roots ; 
and those that were raised from seed in the Spring, may 
be transplanted into regular flower beds, in cloudy or wet 
weather, 26 and 33. Plant Crown Imperials, 69 ; Persian 
Cyclamens, 69; Ixias, 86; Lachenalias, 87; Lilies, 87; 
Ornithogalums, 89; Oxalises, 89. 

Such Chrysanthemums as are intended to be protected 
while in blossom, should now be taken up and planted in 
moderate sized pots, 106. 

Seeds of Schizanthus, Ten-week Stock, Mignonette, and 
such other species as may be desired to decorate the par- 
lour or greenhouse, should be sown this month. 107. 



October.] monthly calendar. 139 

OCTOBER. 

" A warm open Winter doth often succeed ; 
A hot and dry Summer, by all 'tis agreed ; 
A hard frosty Winter its rigour retains, 
And holds gentle Spring in its cold icy chains." 

In the early part of this month, preparation must be made 
for the housing of greenliouse plants. Previous to this 
being done, let the room or greenhouse be white-washed with 
lime, which will prove pernicious to insects, and prevent 
their generating amongst the plants. 

Begin the first week in this month to place all the shrubby 
plants, such as Orange and Lemon trees, on the back 
shelves; others should be so placed that they can be cultiva- 
ted to advantage, and they shouldall be arranged in regular 
gradation, so as to have the low-growing or dwarf plants on 
the front shelves. 

Stockgillies and Wall-flowers should be taken up, potted 
and kept in a shady situaion, until they have taken root. 

Such Dahlia plants as have been cultivated in pots should 
be sheltered from the chilling air, and those in the ground 
will need attention, 65. 

Prepare the ground for all the hardy kinds of bulbous 
flower roots, 64. Towards the end of the month plant 
Anemones and Ranunculuses, 68; Crocuses, 68 ; Crown 
Imperials, 69 ; Gladioluses, 83 : Hyacinths, 84 ; Irises, 
85; IxJLUs and Jonquils, 86; Lilies, 87; Narcissus, 88; 
Ornithogalums, 90; Paeonies, 91; Tulips, 95. For the 
management of bulbous roots in pots and glasses, see pages 
98 to 100. Prune flowering shrubs, and make new planta- 
tions of them, 51. 

Chrysanthemums should be neatly tied up to small sticks, 
and watered occasionally with liquid manure, to promote 
their blossoming in full perfection. Those in pots intended 
to be protected for late flowering, should be watched and 
taken in, on the appearance of a frosty night; they may, 



140 MONTHLY CALENDAR. [November, 

however, be exposed to the air as much as possible when it 
is soft and salubrious, as should all other half-hardy plants. 
lOG. 



NOVEMBER. 

•' When nuts are but few, and they small and hollow, 
A cold and wet harvest, there's no doubt, will follow; 
But when they are plenty, and good, 'tis agreed, 
A rich golden harvest is sure to succeed." 

During the continuance of mild weather, greenhouse 
plants should have air at all opportunities, and water in pro- 
portion, as heat and air are attainable; 103. Bulbous roots 
in pots and glasses will also need attention, 93 to 100. 

Half hardy plants, such as Stock gillies. Wall flowers, 
Carnations, Primulas, Hydrangeas, Daisies, &c. must either 
be placed in frames, or in a greenhouse early in tliis month. 

If Dahlia, Tuberose, and other tender roots were not 
taken up last month, let it be done in due time this month, 
65. 

Cover up flower beds with leaves, straw, or light litter, 
35 ; finish planting bulbous roots before the frost sets in. 
Plant Anemones and Ranunculuses, 68 ; Crocuses, 69. 
Hyacinths, 84 ; Irises, 85 ; Ixias and Jonquils, 66; Lilies, 
87 ; Narcissus, 89 ; Pajonies, 91 ; Tulips, 92 to 96 ; 
These, and all other kinds of plants, will need protection 
before the setting in of the Winter, 64. Flowering and 
ornamental shrubs may be planted in mild weather, 51 ; 
lay long litter round the roots of them, and also of the Grape 
vines and other tender plants, shrubs, &-c., 51. 

Before the Winter sets in severely, let such Chrysanthe- 
mums as may have been cultivated in pots be planted in the 
garden, or as soon as they have done blossoming, 106. 

Plant Gladioluses in pots, 83 ; also such other bulbous 
roots as may be required to be kept in rooms, page 99. 



December,] monthly calendar. 141 

Mignonette, and other tender seedling plants under pro- 
tection, will require attention at this season; they should 
not be over watered, or the plants will perish with mildew. 

Camelhas should be frequently syringed while in bud, or 
watered over the foliage with a rose attached to the wa- 
tering pot, as should all other shrubby plants. 



DECEMBER 

" A wet sultry Summer, prognostics affirm, 
A boist'rous Autumn will bring in its turn ; 
A cold sour Autumn and fc^ummer jiortend 
A Winter severe from beginning to end." 

If all was not done as directed last month, there is now 
no time to be lost. All kinds of tender plants in pots, 
should be set into frames or pits, and plunged in old tan or 
light mould ; and in the event of severe frosts, coverings of 
mats, straw, &.c. must be laid over them. 

Greenhouse plants will need constant care and attention. 
When water is necessary, let it be given in mild weather, 
103. In case of accidents happening from frost, I would 
remark, that the sudden transition from cold to heat, is often 
more destructive to plants than frost itself. If, therefore, 
plants get frozen, and cannot be screened from the rays of 
the Sun, they should be watered as the air gets warm, and 
before they begin to thaw. If sufficient attention be paid, 
so as to have the temperature of the house gradually risino-, 
as the water is sprinkled over the leaves, it may be a means 
of preserving plants that would otherwise be destroyed. 

See that the greenhouse, or room in which plants are kept, 
is so secure as to prevent the intrusion of cold air, or the 
departure of warm air in the night season. 

Collect from heaths and rocks, such kinds of earth as are 
suited to the different species of exotic plants, and gather up 
leaves of trees. If you intend to make hot-beds of them, 
they should be put together dry ; but if you intend them for 
compost, they may be laid together as wet as possible, in 
order that they may rot for use in succeeding years. 



142 THE MATKIMONIAL GARDEN. 

Ci^The following ardclej entitled the Matrimonial Garden, 
is humbly submitted as an appendage to this work, by 

THE AUTHOR. 



THE 

MAl'MIIlIOMIEAILi (SAIEBIiiro 



Man is formed for social enjoyment, and if it be allowed 
that " it is not good for man to be alone," it may be justly 
inferred that it is not good that woman should be alone; 
hence a union of interests indicates a union of persons for 
their mutual benefit. By this union, a sort of seclusion 
from the rest of our species takes place ; and as a garden 
is a retired apartment, appropriated to culture and im- 
provement, the married state may not be inaptly compared 
vyith it in many respects. 

It is good and honourable for the human species, pru- 
dently and cautiously to approach this delightful enclosure* 
Its entrance in general is extremely gay and glittering' 
being strewed with flowers of every hue and every fragrance' 
calculated to charm the eye ani please the taste ; but they 
are not all so ; and as there are many persons who may 
wish to enter this garden at some time or other, who are yet 
strangers to its various productions, their attention should 
hd directed to the cultivation of those plants which are 
beneficial, and to the avoiding or rooting up of those which 
are injurious. 

And first, let me caution adventurers in this garden not 
to dream o^ permanent happiness ; if you should so dream, 
experience will soon make you wiser, as such happiness 
never existed but in visionary heads. If you are desirous 
that this garden should yield you all the bliss of which it is 
capable, you must take with you that excellent flower called 



Matrimonial gJarden. 143 

GOOD HUMOUR, wliich, of all the flowers of nature, is the 
most delicious and delicate ; do not drop it or lose it, as 
many do soon after they enter the garden — it is a treasure 
that nothing can supply the loss of. When you get to the 
end of the first walk, which contains about thirty steps, 
commonly called "the Honey Moon Path," you will find 
the garden open into a vast variety of views, and it is 
necessary to caution you to avoid many productions in them 
which are noxious, nauseous, and even fatal in their nature 
and tendency, especially to the ignorant and unwary. 
There is a low, small plant, which may be seen in almost 
every path, called indifference. — This, though not per- 
ceived in the entrance, you will always know where it 
grows, by a certain coldness in the air which surrounds it. 
Contrary to the nature of plants in general, this grows by 
cold and dies by warmth ; whenever you perceive this 
change in the air, avoid the place as soon as you can. In 
the same path is often found that baneful flower called 
JEALOUSY, which I advise you never to look at, for it has the 
strange quality of smiting the eye that beholds it with a 
pain that is seldom or never got rid of. Jealousy is a 
deadly flower ; it is the aconite of the garden, and has 
marred the happiness of thousands. 

As you proceed, you will meet with many little crooked 
paths. 1 advise you as a friend, never to go into them ; 
for although at the entrance of each, it is written in large 
letters, i am right, if you do enter, and get to the end of 
them, you will find the true name to be perversbness. 
These crooked paths occasion endless disputes, and as it is 
difficult to make the crooked straight, it is better to avoid 
them altogether, lest, as it sometimes happens, a total sepa- 
ration be the consequence, and you take difi'erent paths the 
rest of your lives. Near this spot, you will meet with a 
rough, sturdy plant, called obstinacy, which bears a hard 
knotty fruit that never digests, and of course must injure 
the constitution; it even becomes fatal, when taken in large 



144 



THE MATRIMONIAL GARDEN, 



quantities. Turn from it, avoid it as you would the 
cholera. 

Just opposite to this, grows that lovely and lively shrub, 
called COMPLIANCE, which, though not always pleasant to 
the palate, is very salutary, and leaves a sweetness in the 
mouth ; it is a most excellent shrub, and produces the 
most delicious fruit. — Never be without a very large sprig 
in your hand ; it will often be wanted as you go along, for 
you cannot be happy without it in any part of the garden. 

In one of the principal compartments, stands a very im- 
portant plant, called economy ; it is of a thriving quality ; 
cultivate this fine plant with all your care ; for it adorns 
and enriches at the same time. Many overlook it, some 
despise it, and others think that they will never want it ; 
it is generally overlooked in the gaiety and levity with which 
people enter this place, but the want of it is generally 
deplored with bitter repentance. There are two other 
plants of the same species, which are very closely connected* 
called INDUSTRY and frugality, and I must take leave to 
tell jou, that unless both the male and the female partake 
largely of their branches, very little success can be expected ; 
in this they must both unite. Take care that you provide 
yourself and partner with a supply of each as soon as pos- 
sible after you enter the garden. 

There are two or three paths which run much into one 
another, and deserve the closest attention of the softer sex ; 
I mean regularity, exactness, and simplicity.* Do not 
think, as some do, that when you have once got into the 
garden, you may be neglectful of these paths. Remember 
that your companion will see your neglect, which will affect 
his eye, and may alienate his heart. Enter on these depart- 
ments, then, as soon as you enter the garden, and when 
you are once fairly in, you are in for hfe ; the danger is 
that if you do not get into them at an early period, you will 

* In deportment as well as in dress. 



THE MATRIMONIAL GARDEN. 145 

not find them afterwards. Near these walks is to be found 
that modest plant, called humility: 

It is the Violet, " born to blush unseen, 
And waste its sweetness on the desert air." 

It appears of little worth in itself, but when joined with 
other virtues, it adds a charm to life, and spreads a fragrance 
around its wearer. Cultivate, then, with all your care, this 
sweet little plawt, and you will find it prevent the growth of 
all poisonous and noxious weeds. 

Allow me also to drop a hint on the subject of cultiva- 
tion, as connected with propagation, as that most probably 
will be your employment in this garden, sooner or later. 
Should you have the rearing of a young plant, remember 
that it is frail in its nature, and liable to be destroyed by 
every blast, and Avill demand all your care and attenlion. 
Should you witness a blast on its dawning beauties. 
Oh ! how your fond heart will bleed with tenderness, affec- 
tion, and sympathy ! The young shoot will naturally twine 
around all the fibres of your frame. Should it live and 
thrive, spare no pains to " train it up in the way it should 
go." Weed it, water it, prune it ; it will need all the cul- 
tivator's skill. Without this, many weeds and baneful 
plants will grow up with it, and blast your fondest hopes. 
Be ever mindful that this is a trust for which both parties 
are accountable. 

Without careful cultivation, what can you expect but the 
most luxuriant growth of unruly appetites, which, in time, 
will break forth in all manner of disgraceful irregularities'? 
What, but that anger, like a prickly thorn, will arm the 
temper with an untractable moroseness ? That peevish- 
ness, like a stinging nettle, will render the conversation 
irksome and forbidding 1 That avarice, like some choking 
weed, will teach the fingers to gripe, and the hands to op- 
press ? That revenge, like some poisonous plant, replete 
with baneful juices, will rankle in the breast, and meditate 

13 



146 THE MATRIMONIAL GARDEJT. 

mischief to its neighbour. While unbridled lusts, like 
swarms of noisome insects, taint each rising thought, and 
render "every imagination of the heart only evil continu- 
ally T' Such are the usual products of unrestrained nature I 
Such the furniture of the uncultivated mind ! 

By all means, then, pay due attention to culture. By 
suitable discipline, clear the soil ; by careful instruction, 
implant the seeds of virtue. By skill and vigilance, prune 
the unprofitable and over-luxuriant branches : — " direct the 
young idea how to shoot," — the wayward passions how to 
move. The mature man will then become the chief orna- 
ment of the garden. Around hrni charity will breathe her 
sweets, and in his branches hope expand her blossoms. 
In him the personal virtues will display their graces, and the 
social ones their fruit — the sentiments become generous, 
the carriage endearing, the life useful, and the end happy 
and peaceful. 



THOUGHTS ON MARRIAGE. 

'^Marriage is to a woman at once the happ'est and the saddest event of her 
life ; it is the promise of future bhss raided on the death of all present enjoy- 
ment. She quits her home, her parents, her companions, her occupations, 
her amusements, every thing on which she has hitherto depended lor com- 
fort, for affection, for icindness, for pleasure. The parents by whose advice 
she has been guided, the sister to whom she has dared impart every embryo 
thought and feeling, the brother who has played vviih her, by turns the 
counsellor and the counselled, and the younger children to whom she has 
hitherto been the mother and the playmate, all are to be forsaken at one tell 
stroke ; every former tie is loosened, the spring of every hope and action is 
to be changed: and yet she iiics with joy into the untrodden path before 
her; buoyed up with the confidence of requited love, she bids a fond and 
grateful adieu to the life that is past, and turns with excited hopes and joy- 
ous anticipation of the happiness to come. Then wo to him who can blight 
such fair hope.s— who can coward-like break the illusions that have won 
her, and destroy the confidence which love had inspired. Wo to him who 
has too early withdrawn the tender plant from the props and stays of mo- 
ral discipline in which she has been nurtured, and yet make no effort to 
supply their place ; for on him be the responsibility of her errors — on him 
who has first taught her, by his example, to grow careless of her duty, and 
then exposed her with a v^'cakened spirit and unsatisfied heart, to the wide 
storms and the wily temptations of a vicious world." 



147 

*rhe following invaluable compendium will, it is presumed, 
prove highly interesting to the reader, as it embraces the 
very essence of Horticulture and Floriculture ; it is, there- 
fore, well adapted as an appendage to the Florist's Guide:— 

Mn Outline 



THE FIRST PRINCIPLES 



MOMUKDIOriLSnM]!, 



Br JOHN LINDLEY, F. R. S. &c. &c. 

yiJOFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON. AND ASSISTANT 
SECRETARY OF THE HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY. 



I. General Nature of Plants. 

1. Horticulture is the application of the arts of cul- 
tivation, multiplication, and domestication to the vegetable 
kingdom. Agriculture and Arboriculture are branches of 
Horticulture. 

2. The vegetable kingdom is composed of living beings, 
destitute of sensation, with no power of moving spontaneously 
from place to place, and called plants. 

3. Plants are organized bodies, consisting of masses of 
tissue that is permeable by fluids or gaseous matter. 

4. Vegetable tissue consists either of minute bladders, or 
tubes adhering by tlicir contiguous surfaces, and leaving 
intermediate passages where they do not touch. 

5. Tissue is called Celkdar when it is composed of minute 
bladders, which either approach the ligure of a sphere, or are 
obviously some modification of it, supposed to be caused bj 
extension or lateral compression. 



148 GENERAL NATURE OF PLANTS. 

6. When newly formed it is in a very lax state, and posses- 
ses great powers of absorption ; probably in consequence of 
the excessive permeability of its membrane, and the imperfect 
cohesion of its cells 

7. Cellular tissue, otherwise called Parenchyma, constitutes 
the suft and brittle parts of plants ; such as pith, pulp, the 
spaces between the veins of leaves, the principal part of the 
petals ; and the like. 

8. Succulent plants are such as have an excessive develope- 
ment of cellular tissue. 

9. It may be considered the most essential kind of tissue, 
because, while no plants exist without it, many are composed 
of nothing else. 

10 Tisisue is called Woody Fibre when it is composed of slen- 
der tubes, which are conical and closed at each end, and placed 
side l)y side. 

11. Woody Fibre is what causes stiffness and tenacity in 
certain parts of pl?nts ; lience it is found in the veins of lea ves, 
and in bark, and it constitutes the principal part of the wood. 

12. Vascular fissat is that in which either an elastic tough 
thread is generated spirally within a tube that is closed and 
conical at each end ; or rows of cylindrical cellules, placed 
end to end, finally become continuous tubes by the loss of 
their ends. 

13 The most remarkable form of vascular tissue is the 
Spiral vessel, which has the power of unrolling with elasticity 
when stretched. 

14. Other kinds of vascular tissue are incapable of unrolling, 
but break when stretched. 

15. Spiral vesiels are not found in the wood or bark, and 
rarely in the roots of plants. 

16. Vascular tissue of other kinds is confined to the root, 
stem, veins of leaves, petals, and other parts composed of 
leaves. It is not found in bark. 

17. The common office of the tissue is to convey fluid or 
air, and to ace as the receptacle of secretions. 

18. Cellular tissue conveys fluids in all directions, absorbs 
with great rapidity, is the first cause of the adhesions that 
take place between contiguous parts, and is the principal 
receptacle of secreted matter. 

19. Adhesion will take place at all times during the growing 
season, when the cellular tissue of two different parts, or of 
two different plants, is kept for some time in contact ; but as 
none but tissues of nearly the same nature will adhere, graft- 
ing and budding, which are caused by the adhesion of conti- 
guous parts, can only take place either between different 
varieties of the same species, or between nearly related 
species; and even then only w^hen the corresponding parts of 
the scion or bud, and the stock, are placed in contact. 

20. Woody fibre conveys fluid in the direction of its length. 



nooT. 149 

gives stiffness and flexibility to the general system, and acts 
as a protection to spiral and other delicate vessels. 

21. Spiral vessels convey oxygenated air. 

22. Oth<)r vessels probably conduct fluid when young, and 
air when old. 

23. As the bodies of which all Tissue is composed are perfect- 
ly simple, unbranched, and regular in figure, having, when 
elongated, their two extremities exactly alike, they are more 
or less capable of conveying gaseous matter or fluids in any 
direction ; and, consequently, a current may be reversed in 
them without inconvenience: hence, inverted cuttings or 
stems will grow. 

24. All parts of plants are composed of tissue, whether they 
be soft, as pulp ; or hard, as the bony lining of a Peach. 

25 With regard to Horticultural operations, the parts of 
plants should be considered under the heads of Root (II.) ; 
Stem {in.)', Leaf buds (IV,)"- Leaves {V .) , Flowers (V I.) ■ Sexes 
(VII.; Fruit (VIII.); and Seed (IX). 

II. Root. 

26. The Root is the part that strikes into the earth when a 
seed begins to germinate, and which afterwards continues to 
lengthen beneath the soil. 

27. It is also the part which is sometimes emitted by the 
stem, for the purpose of absorbing nutriment from the atmos- 
phere ; as in Ivy, Air-Plants, Vines, &c. 

28. It iS distinguished from the stem by the absence of leaves 
in any state, of regular leaf buds i IV.) ; of evaporating pores 
(or stomata (131.) and of pith in Exogenous plants. 

29. Therefore, such underground bodies as those called 
Tuber (61.) in the Potato ; Bulb (96.) in the Onion; and solid 
Bulb or Cormus (61.) in the Crocus, are not roots. 

30. The office of the root is to absorb food in a fluid or 
gaseous state ; and also to fix the plant in the soil, or to some 
firm support. 

31. The latter office is essential to the certain and regular 
performance of the former. 

32. It is not by the whole of their surface that roots absorb 
food; but only by their young and newly formed extremities, 
called Spongiolcs. 

33. Hence the preservation of the spongioles in an uninjured 
state is essential to the removal of a plant from one place to 
another. 

34. A Spongiole consists of very young vascular tissue (12.) 
surrounded by very young cellular substance. (5.) 

35. It is therefore one of the most delicate parts of plants, 
and the most easily injured. 

36. Hence whatever is known to produce any specific dele- 
terious action upon leaves or stems, such as certain gases (298.) 

13* 



150 KOOT. 

and mineral or vegetable poisons, will produce a much mote 
fatal effect upon the spongioles. 

37. These organs have no power of selecting their food, but 
will absorb whatever the earih or air may contain, which is 
sufficiently fluid to pass through the sides of their tissue. 

38 So that if the spongioles are develo{)ed in a medium 
which is of an unsuitable nature as they will still continue to 
absorf» they cannot fail to introduce matter which will prove 
either injurious or fatal to life, according to its intensity. 

39. This may often explain why trees suddenly become 
unhealthy, without any external apparent cause. 

40. Plants have the power of replacing spongioles by the 
formation of new ones ; so that an individual is not destroyed 
by their loss. 

41. But this power depends upon the co-operation of the 
atmosphere, and upon the special vital i)owers of the s[)ecies. 

42 If the atmosphere is so humid as to hinder evaporation, 
spongioles will have time to form anew ; but if the atmosphere 
is dry, the loss by evaporation will be so much greater than 
can be supplied by the injured roots, that the whole system 
will be emptied of fluid Ijefore the new spongioles can form. 

43. This is the key to Transplantation. (XV.) 

44. As roots are destitute of leaf buds (IV.), and as leaf- 
buds are essential to the multiplication of an individual (108) 
it should follow that roots can never be employed for the pur- 
pose of multiplication. 

45. Nevertheless, roots when woody have, occasionally, the 
power of generating adventitious leaf-buds (IV.) ; and when 
this is the case, they may be employed for the purpose of 
multiplication; as those of Cydonia Japonica, &c. 

46- The cause of this power existing in some species, and 
not in others, is unknown. 

47. It is therefore a power that can never be calculated 
upon ; and whose existence is only to be discovered by 
accident. 

48. Although roots are generated under-ground, and some- 
times at considerable depths, yet access to a certain quantity 
of atmospheric air appears indispensable to the healthy execu- 
tion of their functions. This is constantly exemplified in 
plants growing in the earth at the back of an ill-ventilated 
forcing house, where the roots have no means of finding their 
way into the earth on the outside of the house. 

49. It is supposed by some that the introduction of oxygen 
into their system is as indispensable to them as to animals. 

50. It seems more probable that the oxygen of the atmos- 
phere, seizing upon a certain quantity of carbon, forms carbonic 
acid, which they absorb, and teed upon. 

51. It is at least certain that the exclusion of air from the 
roots will always induce an unhealthy condition, or even 
death itself This may be one of the reasons why stiff tena- 



STEM. 151 

cious soils are so seldom suited to the purposes of the cultiva- 
tor, until their adhesiveness has been destroyed by liie addition 
of other matter. 

52. Spongioles secrete excrementitious matter, which is 
unsuitable to the same species afterwards as food ; for poison- 
ous substances are as fatal to the specieg that secrete them as 
to any other species. 

53. But to other species the excrementitious matter is either 
not unsuitable, or not deleterious. 

54. Hence, soil may be rendered impure (or, as we inaccu- 
rately say J worn out) for one species, which will not be impure 
for others. 

55. This is the true key of the theory of rotation of crops. 

56. This also may serve to explain in part why light soil 
is indispensable to so many plants, and heavy or tenacious 
soil suitable to so few : for in the former case the sponoioles 
will meet with little resistance to their elonsjation, and will 
consequently be continually quitting the place where their 
excrementitious matter is deposited ; while in the latter case, 
the reverse will occur. 

III. Stem. 

57. The stem is that part of a plant which is developed 
above ground, and which took an upward direction at the 
period of germination- 

58. It consists of a woody axis, covered by bark having 
stomata (131.)on its surface, bearing leaves with leaf-buds, in 
their axillae, and producing flowers and fruit. 

59 The points where leaves are borne are called Nodi; the 
spaces between the leaves are luiemodia. 

60. The more erect a stem grows, the more vigorous it is ; 
and the more it deviates from this direction to a horizontal or 
pendulous position, the less is it vigorous. 

61. Some stems are developed underground, such as the 
Tubers of the Potato and the Cormus of the Crocus ; but they 
are known from roots by the presence of leaves, and regular 
leaf-bud.s upon their surface. 

62. Steins increase in diameter in two ways. 

63. Either by the addition of new matter to the outside of 
the wood and the inside of the bark ; when they are Exogenous ; 
ex. Oik. 

64. Or by the addition of new matter to their inside ; when 
they are Endogenous \ ex. Cane. 

65. In Exogenous stems, the centra! portion, which is 
harder and darker than tnat at the circumference, is called 
Heart wnod: while the exterior, which is softer and lighter, is 
called Alburnum or Sap-uood. 

66. The inside of the bark of such stems has also the 
technical name of Liber. 



iS'2 STEM. 

67. Tlie Heart- wood was, Avhen young Alburnum, and 
afterwards chanjied its nature by becoming the receptacle of 
certain secretions peculiar to the s^pecies. 

68. Hence tlie greater durability of Heart wood than of 
Sap-wood While the latter is newly formed empty tissue, 
almost as perishable as bark itself, Ibe former is protected 
against destruction by the introduction of secretions that 
become solid matter, which is often insoluble in water, and 
never permeable to air. 

69. Tlie secretions by which Heart-wood is solidified are 
prepared in the leaves, whence they are sent downwards 
through the bark, and from the bark communicated to the 
central part of the stem. 

70. The channels through which this communication takes 
place are called i¥e(^M//a/j^ Hai,s^ or ^ilvir Giain. 

71. Medullary rays are plates of cellular tissue, in a very 
compressed state, passing from the pith into the bark. 

72. The wood itself is composed of tubes consisting of woody 
fibre and vascular tissue, imbedded longitudinally in cellular 
substance. 

73. This cellular substance only developes horizontally ; and 
it is to it that the peculiar character of different kinds of wood 
is chiefly due. 

74. For this reason the wood of the stock of a grafted plant 
will never become like that of its scion, although as will be 
hereafter seen (IV^,), the woody matter of the stock must all 
originate in the scion. 

75. The stem of an exogenous plant may therefore be com- 
pared to a piece of linen, of which the weft is composed of 
cellular tissue, and the warp of fibrous and vascular tissue. 

76. In the Spring and Autumn a viscid substance is secreted 
between the wood and the liber, called the Cumbnim. 

77- This Cambium appears to be the matter out of which 
the cellular horizontal substance of the stem is organised. 

78. In l^^ndogenous stems the portion at the circumference 
is harder than that in the centre; and there is no separable 
bark. 

79. Their stems consist of bundles of woody matter, imbed- 
ded in cellular tissue, and composed of vascular tissue surroun- 
ded by woody fibre. 

80. The stem is not only the depository of the peculiar 
secretions of species (67), but is also the medium through 
whic!i the sap flow^s in its passage from the roots into the 
leaves. 

81. In Exogenous stems (63.) it certainly rises through the 
alburnum, and descends tbrough the bark. 

82. In Endogenous stems (64) it probably rises through the 
bundles of wood, and descends through the cellular substance ; 
but this is uncertain. 

83. Stems have the power of propagating an individual anly 



LEAF-BUDS. 153 

by the means of their Leaf -buds. If destitute of Leaf-buds, 
they have no power of multiplication, except fortuitously. 

IV^. Leaf-Buds. 

84. Leaf-buds are rudiments of branches, enclosed within 
scales, w hicli are imperfectly formed leaves. 

85. All the leaf-buds upon the same branch are constitu- 
tionally and anatomically the same- 

86. They are of two kinds; viz, regular or normal, and adven- 
titious or latent. (119 ) 

87. Regular leaf-buds are formed at the axillae of Leaves. 

88. They are organs capable of propagating the individual 
from which thev originate. 

89. They are at first nourished by the fluid lying in the 
pith, but finally establish for themselves a communication 
with the soil by the woody matter which they send downwards. 

90. Their force of developement will be in proportion to 
their nourishment; and, consequently, when it is ^vi^hed to 
procure a young shoot of unusual vigour, all other shoots in 
the vicinity are prevented growing, so as to accumulate for 
one shoot "only all the food that would otherwise have been 
consumed by several. 

91. Cutting back to a few eyes is an operation in pruning 
to produce Lhe same effect, by'directing the sap, as it ascends, 
into two or three buds only, instead of allowing it to expend 
itself upon all tlie others which are cut away. 

92. When leaf-buds grow, they develope in three directions ; 
the one horizontal, the other upward, and the third downward. 

93. The horizontal developement is confined to the cellular 
system of the bark, pith, and medullary rays. 

94. The upward and dow^nward developementsare confined 
to the w. odv fibre and vascular tissue. 

95. In t.jis respect they resemble seeds; from which they 
differ physiologically in propagating the individual, while 
seeds can only propagate the species. 

96. When they disarticulate from the stem that bears them, 
they are called bulbs. 

97. In some plants, a bud, when separated from its stem, 
will grow and form a new plant if placed in circumstances 
favourable to the preservation of its vital powers. 

98. But this property seems confined to plants having a 
firm, woody, perennial stem. 

99. vSuch buds, when detached from their parent stem, sehd 
roots downwards and a stem upwards- 

100. But if the buds are not separated from the plant to 
which they belong, the matter they send downwards becomes 
wood and liber, (66 ) and the stems they send upwards be- 
come branches. Hence it is said that w^ood and liber are 
formed by the roots of leaf-buds. 



154 



LEAF-BUDS. 



101. If noj^af-buds are called into action, there will be no 
addition of wood : and consequently, the destruction or ab- 
sence of leaf-buds is accompanied by the absence of wood : as 
is proved by a shoot, the upper buds of which are destroyed 
and the lower allowed to develope. The lower part of the 
shoot Will increase in diameter : the upper will remain of its 
original dimensions. 

102. The quantity of wood, therefore, depends upon the 
quantity of leaf-buds that develope. 

103. It is of the greatest importance to bear this in mind in 
pruning timber trees : for excessive pruning must necessarily 
be injurious to the quantity of produce. 

104. If a cutting with a leaf-bud on it be placed in circum- 
stances fitted to the developement of the latter, it will grow 
and become anevv plant. 

105. If this happens when the cutting is inserted in the 
earth, the new plant is said by gardeners, to be upon its own 
bottom. 

106. But if it happens when the cutting is applied to the 
dissevered end of another individual, called a stock, the roots 
are insinuated into the tissue of the stock, and a plant is said 
to be grafted, the cutting being called a scion. 

107. There is, therefore, little difference between cuttings 
and scions, except that the former root into the earth, the 
latter into another plant. 

108 But if a cutting of the same plant without a leaf-bud 
upon it be placed in the same circumstances, it will not grow 
but will die. 

109. Unless its vital powers are sufficient to enable it to 
develope an adventitious leaf-bud. (119.) 

110. A leaf-bud separated from the stem will also become a 
new individual, if its vital energy is sufficiently powerful, 

111. And this, whether it is planted in earth, into which it 
roots, like a cutting, or in a new individual to which it ad- 
heres and growls like a scion. In the former case it is called 
an er/p, in the latter a bud. 

112. Every leaf-bud has, therefore, its own distinct system 
of life, and of growtli. 

113. And as all the leaf-buds of an individual are exactly 
alike, it follows that a plant is a collection of a great number 
of distinct identical systems of life, and consequently a com- 
pound individual. 

114. Regular leaf-buds being generated in the axillae of the 
leaves, it is there that they are always to be sought 

115. And if they cannot be discovered by ocular inspection, 
it may nevertheless be always inferred with confidence that 
they exist in such situations, and may possibly be called from 
their dormant state into life. 

116. Hence, wherever the scar of a leaf or the remains of a 
leaf, can be discovered, there it is to be understood that the 



LEAVES. 155 

rudiments exist of a system of life which may be, by favoura- 
ble circumstances, called into action. 

117. Hence, all parts upon which leaves have ever grown 
may be made use of for purposes of })ropagation. 5. 

118. From these considerations it appears that the most 
direct analogy between the Animal and Vegetable Kingdoms 
is with the Polypes of the former. 

119. Adventitious leaf-buds are in all respects like Regular 
leaf-buds, except that they are not formed at the axillae of 
leaves, but develope occasionally from all and any parts of a 
plant. 

120. They are occasionally produced by roots, by solid 
wood, or even by leaves and flowers. 

121. Hence roots, solid wood, or even leaves and flowers 
may be used as means of propagation. 

122. But as the developement of adventitious buds is ex- 
tremely uncertain, such means of propagation can never be 
calculated on ; and form no part of the science of cultivation. 

123. The cause of the formation of adventitious leaf-buds 
is unknown. 

124. From certain experiments it appears that they may be 
o-enerated by sap in a state of great accumulation and activity. 

125. Consequently, whatever tends to the accumulation of 
sap in an active state may be expected to be conducive to the 
formation of adventitious leaf-buds. 

V. Leaves. 

126. Leaves are expansions of bark, traversed by veins. 
127- The veins consist of spiral vessels enclosed in woody 

fibre ; they originate in the medullary sheath and liber; and 
they are connected by loose Parenchyma (7.) which is full of 
cavities containing air. 

128 This parenchyma consists of two layers, of which the 
upper is composed of cellules perpendicular to the cuticle, and 
the lower of cellules parallel witli the cuticle. 

129. These cellules are arranged so as to leave numerous 
open passages among them for the circulation of air in the 
inside of a leaf. Parenchyma of this nature is called cavernous. 

130 Cuticle is formed of one or more layers of depressed 
cellular tissue, which is generally hardened, and always dry 
and filled with air. 

131. Between many of the cells of the cuticle are placed 
apertures called siomata, which have the power of opening 
and closing as circumstances may require. 

132. It is by means of this apparatus that leaves elaborate 
the sap which they absorb from the alburnum, converting it 
into the secretions peculiar to the species. 

133. Their cavernous structure (129) enabled them to ex- 



156 F^LOWERS. 

pose the greatest possible surface of their parenchyma to the 
action of the atmospliere. 

134. Their cuticle is a non-conducting skin, which protects 
them from great variations in temperature, and through 
which gaseous matter will pass readily. 

135. Their stomata are pores that are chiefly intended to 
facilitate evaporation; for which they are well adapted by a 
power they possess of opening or closing as circumstances 
may require. 

136. Tliey are also intended for facilitating the rapid emis- 
sion of air, when it is necessary that such a function should 
be performed, 

137 Tiie functions of stomata being of such vital impor- 
tance, it is always advisable to examine them microsco- 
pically in cases where doubts are entertained of the state of 
the atmosphere which a particular species may require. 

138. Leaves growing in air are covered with a cuticle. 

139. Leaves growing under water have no cuticle. 

140. AH the secretions of plants being formed in the leaves, 
or at least the greater part, it follows that secretions cannot 
take place if leaves are destroyed. 

141. And as this secreting "property depends upon specific 
vital powers connected with the decomposition of carbonic 
acid, and called into action only when the leaves are freely 
exposed to light and air (279.), it also follows that the quan- 
tity of secretion will be in direct proportion to the quantity 
of leaves, and to their free exposure to light and air. 

142. The usual position of leaves is spiral, at regularly in- 
creasing or diminishing distances ; they are then said to be 
alternate. 

143. But if the space, or the axis, that separates two leaves, 
is reduced to nothing at alternate intervals, they become op- 
posite. 

144- And if the spaces that separate several leaves be re- 
duced to nothing, thoy become verticillate. 

145. Opposite'and verticillate leaves, therefore differ from 
alternate leaves only in the spaces that separate them being 
reduced to nothing. 

VI. Flowers. 

146. Flowers consist of two principal parts, viz. Floral 
Envelopes (149.) and Sexes (VIL) 

147. Of these, the former constitute what is popularly con- 
sidered the flower ; although the latter are the only parts that 
are absolutely essential to it. 

148. However different they may be in appearance from 
leaves, they are all formed of those organs in a more or less 
modified scate^ and altered in a greater or less degree by 
mutual adhesion. 



PLOWERS. 157 

149. The Floral Envelopes consist of two or more whorls of 
transformed leaves; of which part is calyx, its leaves being 
called sepals, and part corolla, its leaves being called petals. 

150. The sexes are also transformed leaves. (187.) 

151 The calyx is always the outermost, the corolla is al- 
ways the innermost whorls; and if there is but one floral 
envelope, that one is calyx. 

152. Usually the calyx is green, and the corolla coloured 
and more liighly developed j but the reverse is frequently the 
case, as in Fuchsia, Ribes sanguineum, &c. 

153. A Flower being, then, an axis surrounded by leaves, 
it is in reality a stunted branch ; that is, one the growth of 
which is checked and its power of elongation destroyed. 

154. That Flowers ara stunted branches is proved, firstly, 
by all their parts, especially the most external, occasionally 
reverting to the state of ordinary leaves ; secondly, by their 
parts being oiten transformed into each other; and, thirdly, 
by the whorls of tiower-buds being dislocated and actually 
converted into branches v/henever any thing occurs to stimu- 
late them excessively. 

155. Their most essential distinctive character consists in 
the buds at the axillae of their leaves being usually dormant, 
while those in the axillie of ordinary leaves are usually active. 

156. For this reason while Leaf-buds can be used for the 
purpose of propagation, flower-buds cannot usually be so 
employed. 

157. Being stunted branches, their position on the stem is 
the same as that of developed branches 

158. And as there is in all plants a very great difference in 
the developement of leaf-buds, some growing readily into 
branches, others only unfolding their leaves without elonga- 
ting, and many remaining altogether dormant, it follows that 
flower buds may form upon plants of whatever age and in 
whatever state 

159. But to produce a general formation of flower -buds it is 
necessary that tliere should be some general predisposing 
constitutional cause, independent of accidental circumstances. 

160. This predisposing cause is the accumulation of sap and 
of secreted matter. 

161. Therefore whatever tends to retard the free flow of 
sap, and causes it to accumulate, will cause the production of 
flower-buds or fertility. 

162. And on the other hand, whatever tends to produce 
excessive vigour causes the dispersion of sap, or prevents its 
elaboration and causes sterility. 

163. Transplantation with a partial destruction of roots, 
age, or high temperature accompanied by a dry atmosphere, 
training obliquely or in an inverted direction, a constant 
destruction of the extremities of young growing branches, 
will all cause an accumulation of sap, and secretions ; and 

14 



158 FLOWERS. 

consequently all such circumstances are favourable to the 
production of flower buds. 

164. But a richly manured soil; high temperature, with 
great atmospheric humidity, or an uninterrupted flow of sap, 
are all causes of excessive vigour, and are consequently un- 
favourable to the production of flower-buds. 

165. There is a tendency in many flowers to enlarge, to 
alter their colours, or to change their appearance by a trans- 
formation and multiplication of their parts, whenever they 
have been raised from seeds for several generations, or domes - 
ticated. 

166. The causes of this tendency are probably various, but 
being entirely unknown, no certain rules for the production 
of varieties in flowers can be laid down, except by the aid of 
hybridising (210.) 

167. It often happens that a single branch produces flowers 
diiferent from those produced on other branches. This is 
technically called a sport. 

168. As every bud on that branch has the same specific 
vital principle (113.), a bud taken from such a branch will 
produce an individual, the whole of whose branches will retain 
the character of the sport. 

169. Consequently, by buds an accidental variety may be 
made permanent, if the plant that sports be of a firm woody 
nature. (98.) 

170. As flowers feed upon the prepared sap in their vicinity, 
the greater the abundance of this prepared food, the more 
perfect will be their developement. 

171. Or the fewer the flowers on a given branch the more 
food they will severally have to nourish them, and the more 
perfect will they be. 

172. The beauty of flowers will therefore be increased either 
by an abundant supply of food, or by a diminution of their 
numbers (thinning), or by both. The business of the pruner 
is to cause these by his operation. 

173. The beauty of flowers depends upon their free exposure 
to light and air, because it consists in the richness of their 
colours, and their colours are only formed by the action of 
those two agents. (281.) 

174. Hence Flowers produced in dark or shady confined 
situations are either imperfect, or destitute of their habitual 
size and beauty. f 

175- Double Flowers are those in which the stamens are 
transforrned into petals ; or in which the latter, or the sepals, 
are multiplied. They should not be confounded with Proli- 
ferous (183 ), and Discoid Compound Flowers. (184) 

176. Although no certain rules for the production of double 
Flowers can be laid down, yet it is probable that those Flow- 
ers have the greatest tendency to become double, in which 
the sexes are habitually multiplied. 



FLOWERS. 159 

177. In Icosandrous and Polyandrous plants either the 
stamens or the pistilla are always very numerous when the 
Flowers are in a natural state ; and it is chieflyjn such plants, 
that double Flowers occur, when they become transformed. 

178. It is therefore in such plants that double Flowers are 
to be principally expected. 

179. In proportion as the sexes of Flowers habitually become 
few in number, do the instances of double Flowers become rare. 

180. Double Flowers are therefore least to be expected in 
Plants with fewest stamens. 

181. Whenever the component parts of a Flower adhere 
by their edj^es, as ia monophyllous calyxes, monopetalous 
corollas, and monadelphous, or di-,or poly-adelphous stamens, 
the tendency to an unnatural multiplication of parts seems 
checked. 

182. Therefore in such cases double Flowers are little to be 
expected ; they are in fact, very rare. 

183. Proliferous Flowers are those in which parts that 
usually have all their axillary buds dormant, accidently deve- 
lope such buds ; as in the Hen and Chickens Daisy, in which 
the bractese of the involucrum form other Daisy -heads in their 
axillag ; or, as in certain Roses, in which the carpellary 
leaves develope leaf-buds in their axillae, so that the flower 
becomes a branch, the lower leaves of which are coloured and 
transformed, and the upper ^reen, and in their ordinary state. 

184. Discoid compound Flowers are those in which the 
central florets of a flower-head acquire corollas, like those of 
the circumference, as in the Dahlia ; the cultivated variety of 
which should be called discoid, and not double. 

185. These two last are so essentially different from double 
flowers, that whatever laws may be supposed to govern the 
production or amelioration of double Flowers, can have no 
relation to proliferous or discoid compound Flowers. 

VII. Sexes 

186. The sexes consist of two or more whorls of transformed 
leaves, of which the outer are called Stamens (188), and the 
inner Pistillum. (191.) 

187. They are known to be modifications of leaves, because 
they very frequently are transformed into petals which are 
demonstrably such (149 ) ; and because they occasionally 
revert to the state of leaves- 

188. The stamens bear at their apex an organ, called the 
anther f which contains a powder called pollen. 

189. When the anther is full grown it opens and emits the 
pollen, either dispersing it in the air in consequence of the 
elasticity with which it opens; or depositing it upon the 
stigma (191.) ; or exposing it to the the action of wind, or such 
other disturbing causes as may liberate it from its case. 



160 SEXES. 

190. The pollen consists ot exceedingly minute holfow 
balls, or cases, containing myriads of moving particles, which 
are the fertilising principle of the stamsns 

191 The pistlllum has at iU base one or more cavities or 
cells, in which bodies called ovula are placed; and at its apex 
one or more secreting surfaces called stigmata. 

192. The ovula are the rudiments of seeds. 

193 If the fertilising powder cf the pollen come in contact 
with the stigma, the ovula in the cells of the pistillum are 
vivified, and become seeds. 

194. But if this contact does not take place the ovula cannot 
possibly be vivified, but shrivel up and perish. 

195- The phenomenon of vivificatiou takes place in conse- 
quence of the descent of a portion of the moving panicles (190.) 
of the pollen into the ovula, where such particles form the 
commencement of future plants. 

196. In wild plants a stigma is usually acted upon only by 
the pollen of the stamens winch belong to it. 

197. In this ca.^e the seeds thus vivified will, when sown, 
produce new individuals, differing very little from that by 
which they were themselves produced. 

198. And, therefore, wild plants are for the most part multi- 
plied from generation to generation without change. 

199. But it is possible to cause deviations from this law, by 
artificial means. 

200. If the polh n of one species is placed upon the stigma, 
of another species, the ovula will be vivified ; and what is 
called a hybrid plant will he produced, by those ovula when 
they shall have grown to be seeds. 

201. Hybrid plants are different from both their parents^t 
and are generally intermediate in character between them. 

202. They have little power i>f perpetuating themselves by 
seeds; but they may if woody be perpetuated by cuttings 
(312.), buds (354.) scions (335.), &c. 

203. Therefore, no hybrids but juch as are of a woody 
pereanial character can be perpetuated. 

204. It usually happens that the hybrid has the constitution 
and general aspect of the polliniferous parent; but is in- 
fluenced in secondary characters by the peculiarity of the 
female parent. 

205. This should always be borne in mind in procuring new 
hybrid plants. 

206. Really hybrid plants must not be confounded with such 
as are spurious, in consequence of their origin being between 
two varieties of the same species, and not two species of the 
same genus. 

207. Hybrid plants, although incapable of perpetuation by 
seed, are often more abundant flov. erers than either parent. 

208. This is, probably, connected with constitutional 
debility. (1620, 



FRUIT. 161 

VIII. Fruit. 

209. Fruit, strictly speaking, is the pistillum arrived at 
maturity. 

210. When the calyx adheres to the pistillum and grows 
with it, to maturity, the fruit is called mferior ; as the Apple. 

211. But when the pistillum alone ripens, there being no 
adhesion to it on the part of the calyx, the fruit is called supe- 
rior; as the Peach. 

212. The fruit, is, therefore, in common language, the 
flower, or some part of it, arrived at its most complete state 
of existence ; and, consequently, is itself a portion of a stunted 
branch. (153.) 

213. The nature of its connection with the stem is therefore 
the same as that of the branches with each other, or of leave 
with their stem. 

214. A superior Fruit, consisting only of one, or of a small 
number oi' metamorphosed leaves, it has little or no po\yer of 
forming a communication with the earth and of feeding itself, 
as real branches have. (89.) 

215. It has also very little adhesion to its branch ; so that 
but slight causes are sufficient to detach it from the plant, 
especially at an early age, when all its parts are tender. 

216. Hence the difficulty of causing Peaches and the like 
to stone, or to pass over that age, in which the vascular bundles 
that join them to the branch become woody, and secure them 
to their place. 

217. For the same reason they are fed almost entirely by 
other parts, upon secreted matter which they attract to them- 
selves, elaborate, and store up in the cavities of their tissue. 

218. The office of feeding such fruit is performed by young 
branches which transmit nutriment to it through the bark. (69.) 

219. But as young branches can only transmit nutriment 
downwards, it follows that unless a fruit is formed on a part 
of a branch below a leaf bud, it must perish. 

220. Unless there is some active vegetation in the stem 
above the branch on which it grows; when it may possibly live 
and feed upon secretions attracted by it from the main stem. ^ 

221. But inferior fruit, consisting at least of the calyx in 
addition to the pistillum, has a much more powerful commu- 
nication with the branch ; each division of its ' calyx having 
at least one bundle of vascular and fibrous tissue, passing from 
it into the branch, and acting as a stay upon the centre to 
prevent its breaking off. 

222. Such fruit may be supposed much more capable of 
establishing a means of attracting secretions from a distance; 
and consequently, is less liable to perish from want of a 
supply of food, 

223. It is therefore not so important that an inferior fruit 
should be furnished with growing branches above it. 

14* 



162 FRUIT. 

224. Fruit is exclusively fed by the secretions prepared for 
it by other parts ; it is therefore affected by nearly the same 
circumstances as flowers. 

225. It will be large in proportion to the quantity of food 
the stem can supply to it ; and small in proportion to the 
inability of the stem to nourish it. 

226. For this reason, when trees are weak they should be 
allowed to bear very little, if any, fruit; because a crop of 
fruit can only tend to increase their debility. 

227. And in all cases each fruit should be so far separated 
from all others as not to be fobbed of its food by those in its 
vicinity. 

228. We find that nature has herself in some measure provi- 
ded against injury to plants by excessive fecundity, in giving 
them a power of throwing off flowers, the fruit of which can- 
not be supported. 

229. The flavour of fruit depends upon the existence of 
certain secretions, especially of acid and sugar ; flavour will, 
consequently, be regulated by the circumstances under which 
fruit is ripened. 

230. The ripening of fruit is the conversion of acid and other 
substances into sugar. 

231. As the latter substance cannot be obtained at all in the 
dark, is less abundant in fruit ripened in diffused light, and 
most abundant in fruit exposed to the direct rays of the sun, 
the conversion of matter into sugrr occurs under the same 
circumstances as the decompopition of carbonic acid. (141 and 
279) 

232. Therefore, if fruit be produced in situations much ex- 
posed to the sun, its sweetness will be augmented. 

233. And in proportion as it is deprived of the sun's direct 
rays that quality will diminish. 

234. So that a fruit which when exposed to the sun is 
sweet, when grown where no direct light will reach it will 
be acid ; as Pears, Cherries, &c. 

235. Hence acidity may be corrected by exposure to light ; 
and excessive sweetness, or insipidity, by remova' from light. 

236. It is the property of succulent fruits which are acid 
w^hen wild, to acquire sweetness when cultivated, losing a 
part of their acid. 

237. This probably arises from the augmentation of the 
cellular tissue, which possibly has a greater power than 
woody or vascular tissue of assisting in the formation of sugar. 

2.38, As a ceitain quantity of acid is essential to render fruit 
agreeable to the palate, and as it is the property of cultivated 
fruits to add to their saccharine matter, but not to form more 
acid than when wild; it follows, that in selecting wild fruits for 
domestication, those which are acid should be preferred, and 
those which are sweet or insipid rejected. 

§39, Unless recourse is had to hybridism; when a wild 



SEED. 163 

insipid fruit maybe possibly improved (204.) or may be the 
means of improving something else, 

240. It is very much upon such considerations as the fore- 
going that the rules of training must depend. 

IX. Seed. 

241. The seed is the ovulum arrived at perfection. 

242. It consists of an integument enclosing an embryo^ which 
is the rudiment of a future plant. 

243. The seed is nourished by the same means as the fruit ; 
and, like it, will be more or less perfectly formed, according 
to the abundance of its nutriment. 

244. The plant developed from the embryo in the seed, will, 
be in all essential particulars like its parent species. 

245. Unless its nature has been changed by hybridising. (204.) 

246. But altliough it will certainly, under ordinary circum- 
stances, reproduce its species, it wifl by no means uniformly 
reproduce the particular variety by which it was borne. 

247. So that seeds are not the proper means of propagating 
varieties. 

248- Nevertheless, in annual or biennial plants, no means 
can be employed for propagating a variety, except the seeds ; 
and yet the variety is preserved. 

249. This is accomplished solely by the great care of the 
cultivator, and happens thus, 

250. Although a seed will not absolutely propagate the in- 
dividual, yet as a seed will partake more of the nature of its 
actual parent than of any thing else, its progeny may be ex- 
pected, as really happens, to resemble the variety from which 
it sprung, more than any other variety of its species. 

251. Provided its purity have not been contaminated by the 
intermixture of other varieties. 

252. By a careful eradication of all the varieties from the 
neicrhbourliood of that from which seed is to be saved, by 
taking care that none but the most genuine forms of a variety 
are preserved, as seed-plants : and by compelling by trans- 
plantation a plant to expend all its accumulated sap in the 
nourishment of its seeds, instead of in the superabundant 
production of foliage, a crop of seed may be procured, the 
plants produced by which will, in a great measure, have the 
peculiar properties of the parent variety. 

253. By a series of progressive seed-savings upon the same 
plan, plants will be at length obtained, in which the habits 
of the individual have become as it were fixed, and capable of 
such exact reproduction by seed, as to form an exception to 
the general rule ; as in Turnips, Radishes, &c. 

254. But if the least neglect occurs in taking the necessary 
precautions (252.) to ensure a uniform crop of seed, possessing 



164 



SAP. 



the new fixed properties, the race becomes deteriorated, in 
proportion to the want of care that has occurred, and loses its 
characters of individuality. 

255. In all varieties those seeds may be expected to pre- 
serve their individual characters most distinctly which have 
been the best nourished (243) ; it is, consequently, those 
which should be selected in preference for raising new plants, 
from which seed is to be saved. 

256. When seeds are first ripened, their embryo is a mass 
of cellular substance, containing starch, fixed carbon, or other 
solid matter in its cavities; and in this state it will remain 
until fitting circun^stances occur to call it into active life. 

257. These fitting circumstances are, a temperature above 
32"^ Fahr., a moist medium, darkness, and exposure to air. 

258. It then absorbs the moisture of the medium in which 
it lies, inhales oxygen (278.), and undergoes certain chemical 
changes ; its vital powers cause it to ascend by one extremity 
for the purpose of finding light, and of decomposing its carbo- 
nic acid (279.), by parting with its accumulated oxygen, and 
to descend by the other extremity for the purpose of finding a 
constant supply of crude nutriment. 

259. Unless these conditions are maintained, seeds cannot 
germinate ; and, consequently an exposure to light is fatal to 
their embryo, because (278.) oxygen will not be absorbed in 
sufficient quantity to stimulate the vital powers of the embryo 
into action, for the purpose of parting with it again, by the 
decomposition of the carbonic acid tliat has been formed dur- 
ing its accumulation. 

X. Sap. 

* 

260. The fluid matter which is absorbed either from the 
earth or from the air is called sap. 

261. When it first enters a plant it consists of water holding 
certam principles, especially carbonic acid, in solution-l 

262. These principles chiefly consist of animal or vegetable 
matter in a state of decomposition, and are energetic in pro- 
portion to their solubility, or tendency to form carbonic acid 
by combining with the oxygen of the air. 

263. Sap soon afterwards acquires the nature of mucilage 
or sugar, and subsequently becomes still further altered by 
the admixture of such soluble matter as it receives in passing 
in its route through the alburnum or newly-formed woody 
tissue. (65.) 

264. When it reaches the vicinity of the leaves it is attracted 
into them, and there, having been exposed to light and air, is 
converted into the secretions peculiar to the species. 

265. It finally, in its altered state, sinks down the bark, 
whence it is given off laterally by the medullary rays, and is 
distributed through the system. 



SAP. lt)& 

266 No solid matter whatever can be'taken up by the roots ; 
for this reason metals, which in the state of oxydes are poi- 
sonous, are perfectly harmless in their metallic state, as mer- 
cury ; and this is, no doubt, the cause why liquid manure, 
which contains all the soluble parts of manure in a fluid state, 
acts with so much more energy than stimulating substances 
in a solid state. 

267. The cause of the motion of the sap is the attraction of 
the leaf-buds and leaves. 

268. The leaf-buds called into o;rowth by the comliined ac- 
tion of the increasing temperature and li^lit of Spring, decom- 
pose their carbonic acid (279.), and attract fluid from the tis- 
sue immediately below them ; the space so caused is filled 
up by fluid again attracted from below, and thus a motion 
gradually takes place in the sap from one extremity to the 
other. 

269. Consequently the motion of the sap takes place first in 
the brandies and last iu the roots 

270. For this reason a branch of a plant subjected to a high 
temperature in Winter, will grow while its stem is exposed 
to a very low temperature. 

271. But growth under such circumstances will not be long 
maintained, unless tlie roots are secured from the reach of 
frost; for, if frozen they cannot act, and will consequently be 
unable to replace the saj) of whicli the stem is emptied by the 
attraction of the buds c diverted into branches, and by the 
perspiration of the leaves (XH.) 

272 Whatever tends to inspissate the sap. such as a dry 
and heated atmosphere, or an interruption of its rapid flow, 
or a great decomposition of carbonic acid, by full exposure to 
light, has the property of causing excessive vigour to be 
diminished, and flower-hnds to be produced. 

273. While, on the other hand, whatever tends to dilute 
the sap, such as a damp atmosphere, a free and wnmterrupted 
circulation, or a great accumulation of oxygen in consequence 
of the imperfect decomposition of carbonic acid, has the pro- 
perly of causing exqessively rapid growth, and an exclusive 
production of leaf-buds. 

274. Inspissated or accumulated sap is, therefore, a great 
cause of fertility. 

275. And thin fluid, not being elaborated, is a great cause 
of sterility. 

276- The conversion of sap into different kinds of secretion 
is effected by the combined action of Air (XI.), Light (XI.), and 
Temperature. 

XI. Air and Light. 

277. When an embryo plant (242,) is formed within its in- 
teguments, it is usually colourless, or nearly so ; but, as soon 



166 AIR AND LIGHT. 

as it begins to grow, that part which approaches the light 
(the stem) becomes coloured, while the opposite extremity 
(the root) remains colourless. 

278. The parts exposed to the air absorb oxygen at night, 
absorb carbonic acid and part with oxygen again in daylight; 
and thus in the day-time purify the air, and render it fit for 
the respiration of man. 

279. The intensity of this latter phenomenon is in propor- 
tion to the intensity of solar light to which leaves are directly 
exposed. 

280. Its cause is the decomposition of carbonic acid, the ex- 
trication of oxygen, and the acquisition by the plant of carbon 
in a solid state : from which, modified by the pecuHar vital 
actions of species, colour and secretions are supposed to result. 

281. For it is found that the intensity of colour and the 
quantity of secretions are in proportion to the exposure to 
lig:ht and air, as is shown by the deeper colour of the upper 
side of leaves, &c 

282. And by the fact that if plants be grown in air from 
which light is excluded neither colour nor secretions are 
formed, as is exemplified in blanched vegetables ; which, if 
even naturally poisonous, may, from want of exposure to 
light, become wholesome, as Celery. 

283 When any colour appears in parts developed in the 
dark it is generally caused by the absorption of such colouring 
matter as pre-existed in the root or otiier body from which 
the blanched shoot proceeds, as in some kinds of Rhubarb 
when forced. 

284. Or by the deposition of colouring matter formed by 
parts developed in light, as in the subterranean rootsof Beet, 
Carrots, &c. 

285. What is true of colour is also true of flavour, which 
eq-dally depends upon light for its existence ; because flavour 
is produced by chemical alterations in the sap caused by expo- 
sure to light. (229) 

288. Tho same thing occurs in regard to nutritive matter, 
vyhich in like manner is formed by the exposure of leaves to 
light. Thus the Potato when forced in dark houses contains 
no more amylaceous matter than previously existed in the 
original tuber; but acquires it in abundance when placed in 
the light, and deposits it in proportion as it is influenced by 
light and air. Thus, also, if Peaches are grown in wooden 
houses, at a distance from the light, they will form so little 
nutritive matter as to be unable to support a crop of fruit, the 
greater part of which will fall off". And for a similar reason it 
is only the outside shoots of standard fruit trees that bear fruit. 
Considerations of this kind form in part the basis of pruning 
and training. 

287. Light is the most powerful stimulus that can be em- 
ployed to excite the vital actions of plantsi and its energy is 



AIR AND LIGHT. 167 

in proportion to its intensity ; so that the direct rays of the 
sun will produce much more powerful eflfects than the diffused 
liglit of day. 

288. Hence, if buds, that are very excitable are placed in a 
diffused light, tlieir excitability will be checked. 

289. And if buds that are very torpid are exposed to direct 
light, they will be stimulated into action. 

290. So that what parts of a tree shall first begin to grow 
in the Spring may be determined at the will of the cultivator. 

291. This is the key to some important practices in forcing. 

292. This should also cause attention to be paid to shading 
buds from the direct rays of the sun in particular cases : as in 
that of cuttings, whose buds, if too rapidly excited, miglit ex- 
haust their orily reservoir of sap, the stem, before new roots 
were formed to repair such loss. 

293. As plants derive an essential part of their food from the 
air (280.) by the action of light, it follows that in glass-houses 
those which admit the greatest portion of light are the best 
adapted for purposes of cultivation. 

294. The proportion of opaque matter in the roof of a glass- 
house constructed of wood varies from ^ to 4^— that ol an iron 
house does not exceed -,'3-. 

295. Therefore iron roofed houses are in this respect better 
suited for cultivation than wooden-roofed houses. 

296. And it has been found by experiment, that light passes 
more freely through a curvilinear than through a plane roof, 
and through glass forming an acute angle with the horizon 
than through perpendicular glass, it follows that a ciirvilinear 
roof is best, and a plane roof with glass perpendicularsides the 
worst adapted to the purposes of the cultivator. 

297. For the same reason common green glass is less fitted 
for glazing forcing-houses than white crown glass. 

298. Poisonous gases in very minute quantities act upon 
vegetation with great energy. A ten-thousandth part of sul- 
phurous acid gas is quickly fatal to the life of plants ; and 
hence the danger of flues heated by coal fires, and the impos. 
sibility of making many species grow in the vicinity of houses 
heated b}'^ coal fires, or in large towns. 

XII. Perspiratiorp. 

299. It is not, however, exclusively by the action of light 
and air that the nature of sap is altered. Evaporation is con- 
stantly going on during the growth of a plant, and sometimes 
is so copious, that an individual will perspire its own weight 
of water in the course of 24 hours. 

300. The loss thus occasioned by the leaves is supplied bj'- 
crude fluid, absorbed by the roots, and conveyed up the stem 
with great rapidity. ^ 



168 CUTTINGS. 

301. The consequence of such copious perspiiation is the 
separation and solidiiication of the carbonised matter tliat is 
produced for the pecuhar secretions of a species. 

302. For the maintenance of a plant in liealth, it is indis- 
pensable that the supply of fluid by the roots should be con- 
tinual and uninterrupted. 

303. If any thinor causes perspiration to take place faster 
than it can be counte»-acted by the absorption of fluid from the 
earth, plants will be dried up and perish, 

30-1. Such causes are, destruction of spongioles, an insuffi- 
cient quantity of fluid in the soil, an exposure of the spongioles 
to occasional dryness, and a dry atmosphere. 

305. The most ready means of counteracting the evil conse- 
quences of an imperfect action of the roots is by preventingor 
diminishing evaporation. 

306. This is to be etfected by rendering the atmosphere 
extremely huniid- 

307. Thus, in curvilinear iron hot-houses^ in which the 
atmosphere becomes so dry in consequence of the heat, that 
plants perish, it is necessary that the air should be rendered 
extremely humid, by throwing water upon pavement, or by 
introducing steam. 

308. And in transplantation in dry weather, evergreens, or 
plants in leaf, often die, because the spongioles are destroyed, 
or so far injured in the operation as to be unable to act, while 
the leaves never cease to perspire, 

309. The greater certainty of transplanting plants, that 
have been growing in pots is from this latter circumstaiice 
intelligible 

310 While the utility of putting cuttings or newly trans- 
planted seedlings into a shady damp atmosjdiere, is explained 
by the necessity of hindering evaporation. 

XIII. Cuttings. 

311. When a separate portion of a plant is caused to pro- 
duce new roots and branches, and to increase an individual, it 
is a cutting. 

312. Cuttings are of two soris,~cuttings properly so called, 
and eyes. (^319.) 

313. A cutting consists of an internodium, or a part of one, 
with its nodus (59.) and leaf-bud. 

314. When the internodium is plunged in the earth it at- 
tracts fluid from the soil, and nourishes the bud until it can 
feed itself. 

315. The bud, feeding at first upon the matter in the inter- 
nodium, gradually elongates upwards into a branch, and sends 
organised matter downwards, which becomes roots. 

316. As soon as it has established a communication with the 
soil, it becomes a new individual, exactly like that from which 
it was taken. 



ttrTTi>r(ssi. 16^ 

Si*?. As it is the action of the leaf buds that causes growth 
m a cutting, it follows that no cutting without a leaf-bud will 
grow ; 

318 Unless the cutting has great vitality and power of form- 
ing adventitious leaf-buds (119.), which sometimes happens. 

319. An eye is a leaf-bud without an internodium. 

320. It only differs from a cutting in having no reservoir of 
food on which to exist, and in emitting its roots immediately 
from the base of the leaf-bud into the soil. 

321. As cuttings will very often, i(: not always, develope 
leaves before any powerful connectioa is formed between 
them and the soil, they are peculiarly liable to suffer from 
perspiration. 

322. Hence the importance of maintaining their atmosphere 
in an uniform state of humidity, as is effected by putting bell 
or other glasses over chem. 

323. In this case, however, it is necessary that if air-tight 
covers are employed, such as bell-glasses, they should be from 
time to time removed and replaced, for the sake of getting 
rid of excessive humidity. 

324. Layers differ from cuttings in nothing except that they 
strike root into the soil while yet adhering to the parent plant. 

325. Whatever is true of cuttings is true of layers, except 
that the latter are not liable to suffer by evaporation, because 
of their communication with the parent plant. 

326. As cuttings strike roots into the earth by the action of 
leaves or leaf-buds, it might be supposed that they will strike 
most readily when the leaves or leaf-buds are in their greatest 
vigour. 

327. Nevertheless, this power is controlled so much by the 
peculiar vital powers of different species, and by secondary 
considerations, that it is impossible to say that this is an ab- 
solute rule. 

328. Thus Dahlias and other herbaceous plants will strike 
root freely when cuttings are very young; and Heaths, Aza- 
leas, and other hard wooded plants, only when the wood has 
just begun to harden. 

329. The former is, probably, owing to some specific vital 
excitability, the force of which we cannot appreciate ; the 
latter either to a kind of torpor, which seems to seize such 
plants when their tissue is once emptied of fluid, or to a natu- 
ral slowness to send downwards woody matter, whether for 
wood or notj which is the real cause of their wood being harder. 

330. If ripened cuttings are upon the whole the most fitted 
for multiplication, it is because their tissue is less absorbent 
than when younger, and that they are less likely to suffer 
either from repletion or evaporation. 

331. For to gorge tissue with food, before leaves are in action 
to decompose and assimilate it, is as prejudical as to empty 
tissue by the action of leaves, before spongioles are prepared 
to replenish it. l§ 



170 SCIONS,} 

332. For this reason pure silex, in which no stimulaUng 
substances are contained (silver sand), is the best adapted for 
promoting tl)e rooting of cuttings that strike with ditTiculty. 

333. And for the same reason, cuttings with what gardeners 
call a heel to them, or a piece of the older wood, strike root 
more readily than such as are not so protected. The greater 
ageof the tissue of the heel renders it less absorbent than tissue 
that is altogether newly formed. 

334. It is to avoid the bad effect of evaporation that leaves 
are usually for the most part removed from a cutting, when it 
is first prepared. 

XIV. SCIOKS. 

S35. A scion is a cutting (311.) which is caused to grow 
upon another plant, and not in earth. 

336. Scions are of two sorts, scions properly so called, and 
huds. (354) 

337. Whatever is true of cuttings is true also of scions, all 
circumstances being equal. 

338. When a scion is adapted to another plant, it attracts 
fluid from it for the nourishment of its leaf buds until they can 
feed themselves. 

339. Its leaf-buds thus fed gradually grow upwards into 
branches, and send woody matter downwards,which is analo- 
gous to roots. 

340. At the same time the cellular substance of the scion and 
its stock adheres (19 ) so as to form a complete organic union. 

341. The woody matter descending from the bud passes 
throu§,h the cellular substance into the stock, where it occupies 
the same situation as would have been occupied by woody 
matter supplied by buds belonging to the stock itself. 

342. Once united, the scion covers the wood of the stock 
with new wood, and causes the production of new roots. 

343. But the character of the the woody matter sent down 
by the scion over the wood of the stock being determined by 
the cellular substance, which has exclusively a horizontal 
developement (73.), it follows that the wood of the stock will 
always remain apparently the same, although it is furnished 
by the scion. 

344 Some scions will grow upon a stock without being able 
to transmit any woody matter into it ; as some Cacti. 

345. When this happens, the adhesion of the two takes 
place by the cellular substance only, and the union is so 
imperfect that a slight degree of violence suffices to dissever 
them. 

346 And in such cases the buds are fed by their woody 
matter, which absorbs the ascending sap from the stock at the- 
point where the adhesion has occurred ; and the latter, never 
augmenting in diameter, is finally overgrown by the scion. 



SCIONS. 171 

347. When, in such instances, the communication between 
the stock and the scion is so much interrupted that the sap can 
oo longer ascend with sufficient rapidity into the branches, 
the latter die ; as in many Peaches. 

348 This incomplete union between the scion and its stock 
is owino- to some constitutional or organic difiisrence in the two. 

349. Therefore care should be taken that when plants are 
grafted on one anotlier, their constitution should be as nearly 
as possible identical. 

350. As adhesion of only an imperfect nature takes place 
when the scion and stock are, to a certain degree, dissimilar 
in constitution, so will no adhesion whatever occur when 
their constitutional differences are very decided. 

351. Hence it is only species very nearly allied in nature 
that can be grafted on each other. 

352. As only similar tissues will unite (19.), it is necessary 
in applying a scion to the stock, that similar parts should be 
carefully adapted to each other; as bark to bark, cambium to 
cambium, and alburnum to alburnum, 

353. The second is more especially requisite, because it is 
through the cambium that the woody matter sent downwards 
by the buds must pass ; and also because cambium itself, being 
organising matter in an incipient state, will more readily form 
an adhesion than any other part. 

354. The same principles apply to huds^ which are to scions 
precisely what eyes (319.) are to cuttings. 

355- Inarching is the same with reference to grafting, that 
layering (324) is with reference to striking by cuttings. 

356. It serves to maintain the vitality of a scion until it ©an 
form an adhesion with its stock; and must be considered the 
most certain mode of grafting. 

357. It is probable that every species of flowering plant, 
without exception, may be multiplied by grafting. 

358. Nevertheless, there are many species and even tribes 
that never have been grafted. 

359. It has been found that in the Vine and the Walnut this 
difficulty can be overcome by attention to their peculiar con- 
stitutions; and it is probable that the same attention will 
remove supposed difficulties in the case of other species. 

XV. Transplantation. 

360. Transplantation consists in removing a plant from the 
soil in which it is growing to some other soil. 

361. If in the operation the plant is torpid, and its spon- 
gioles uninjured, the removal will not be productive of any 
interruption to the previous rate of growth. 

362. And if it is growing, or evergreen, and the spongioles 
are uninjured, the removal will produce no further injury than 



172 TRANSPLANTATION. 

may arise from the temporary s^aspension of the action of the 
spongioles, and the noncossation of perspiration during the 
operation. 

363. So that transplantation may take place at all seasons of 
the year, and under all circumstances, provided the spongioles 
are uninjured. 

364. This applies to the largest trees as well as to the 
smallest herbs. 

365. But as it is impossible to take plants out of the earth 
without destroying or injuring the spongioles, the evil conse- 
quences of such accidents must be remeuied by the hindrance 
of evaporation. 

366. Transplantation should therefore take place only when 
plants are torpid, and when their respiratory organs (leaves) 
are absent ; or, if they never lose those organs, as evergreens, 
only at seasons when the atmosphere is periodically charged 
with humidity for some considerable time. 

367. Old trees in which the roots are much injured form 
new ones so slowly, that they are very liable to be exhausted 
of sap by the absorption of their very numerous young buds 
before new spongioles can be formed. 

366, The amputation of all their upper extremities is the 
most probable prevention of death ; but in most cases injury 
of their roots is without a remedy. 

369. Plants in pots being so circumstanced that the spongi- 
oles are protected from injury, can, however, be transplanted 
?»t all seasons, without any dangerous consequences. 



173 

TO THE 

PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 

fellow-citizens: 

An application having been made to your representatives in Con- 
gress, to vote a sum equal to five cents from each individual in the 
United States, or about a million dollars of your resources, to the 
promotion of an improved system of " Terra-culture,^'' as described in 
Senate, document No 23, of the third session of the 25th Congress, I 
hereby direct your attention to a few extracts taken from the applicant's 
preamble; copies of which have been IbrvVarded to each member of the 
26th Congress, in session, November 30, 1839. 

From the Poug-hkeepsie Eagle, Saturday Morning, January 25, 1840. 

PRESERVATION OF FRUIT TREES, PLANTS, «fcc 
GREAT DISCOVERY. 
To the Hon. Perry Smith, chairman of the United States Senate 
Committee on Agriculture of the 25th Congress. "With the consent 
and by the advice, on the 23d inst., of the chairman of the Unite I States 
Senate Committee on Agriculture of the 25th Congress, I forward to 
each member of the 26th Congress, the accompanying document dated 
the 14th jnst; the object is t} show you somfi of the proof that a discovery 
of vital importance to civilized man has been made, which in several 
letters from ditFerent members of the present and last Congress, is valued 
at hundreds of millions of days' labour, and worth more than all 

THE DISCOVERIES OF THE PRESENT AGE COMBINED THE APPLICATION OF 

STEAM VOT EXCEPTED." 

"Foi what purpose would all the owners of the public lands more 
freely or gratefully consent to give one hundreth part of those lands, or 
the proceeds thereof? Would they not be grateful to those members of 
Congress, who assist in giving the owners of the public domain the 
desired information, and reverence them as benefactors of human kind." 

'' For the honour of the republic, for the honour of the age, and for 
the interest and comfort of the living, as well as the unborn, let not that 
discovery which may cause two seeds to ripen where one now does, 
which prevents the premature death of all cultivated trees, which has 
been searched for in vain during the history of all civilized society, die 
with the discovei-er for want of tlie action of the United States Congress." 

Our patriotic discoverer ''claims the following five discoveries as his, 
besides other discoveries which are stated in his memorial to the 25th 
Congress:" — 

1st. ''That various diseases, universally supposed to be destructive to 
plants, are only symptoms that a particular error in cultivation has been 
committed; and that many other injurious ettects have been produced 
by the same error, which are attributed to other causes." 

2d. "That the error is universally committed, to a greater or less 
extent, throughout the States, and that he has seen an excess of it 
wherever he has been, which is in the Atlantic States, from Georgia to 
iVJassachusetts inclusive." 

3d. " That the Peach and Nectarine are more easily injured by the 
error than most other Fruit Trees, and the cause of their being more 
easily injured by it; and that this error causes them to be barren, or 
short-lived." 

4th. " That the application of two known laws in Nature demonstrate 
the reality of his discovery and its application to the whole vegetable 
kingdom; and that by them, his discovery, (if publicly known,) must be 

15* 



174 

perpetuated, and his practice more easily introduced ; and that by these 
two laws the occasional success of common remedies is explained." 

5th. "That the said error is the obstacle which has discouraged ex- 
perimenters, and lamentably retarded improvements in the science and 
practice of agriculture ; and that he has discovered facts and made him- 
self acquainted with knowledge sufficient to reduce them to practice." 

We are further informed, "that it is neither chmate, nor soil, nor 
insects, nor worms, that are the cause of many of the disastrous effects 
that have been attributed to them, but that those effects are produced by 
error in cultivation, which diseases the smallest plant or largest tree," 

Our modest and patriotic fellow-citizen admits in the course of hier 
preamble, " that the practical part of his discovery is so extremely 
SIMPLE and economical, that it costs no more to prevent the diseases 
than it does to produce them ; and that it is so different from the esta- 
blished theories and habits of the people, that unless a large amount 
BE appropriated, many will be unwilling to try it, and therefore the 
PUBLIC GOOD seems to require that a large amount should be appropri- 
ated." He moreover asserts, that " there are two known laws in 
Nature, by which the reality of his discovery, and its application to the 
whole vegetable kingdom, are demonstrable in less than thirty words." 

That this invaluable secret, whatever it may be, is not strictly speaking 
a new di^covel■y, is demonstrable by numerous living witnesses which 
have inhabited the fields and forests of the old world for over a thousand 
years ; and onr discoverer freely admits, and in very emphatic language, 
that there are thousands of trees in our own country on which, what he 
terms "the common error," has never been committed ; and also, that 
several of the fifteen gentlemen to whom he communicated his secret, 
covfidently forever, have some such trees on their own domains. 

Hear him — " The Senator from Missouri, (Mr. Linn,) said, that the 
most flourishing and healthy Peach tree in his possession had never had 
what I call the common error in cultivation committed upon it." 

" The Senator from Pennsylvania, (Mr. iVlcKean,) said, that he had 
long supposed that what 1 call the common error, was an error, but that 
he had no idea of such extensive evils arising from it." 

"The Senator from Maryland. (Mr. Spence,) said, that in his district 
it was a universal custom to commit what I call the common error in 
cultivation, on the fruit trees, and that it was as common to have no 
Plums perfect and free from worms, excepting on a few of his, on 
which the error had not been committed for twenty years, if ever; and 
those few (four) continued to bear abundantly annually ; that he had no 
recollection of ever seeing an imperfect wormy Plum on either of these 
four trees, but that he had never supposed that to have been the cause 
of their perfection." 

The Senator from South Carolina. (Mr, Calhoun), to whom I am 
indebted for pointing out one symptom of the error, and for a valuable 
suggestion in the culture of plants, said, "while examining the defective 
treses around the Capitol, that the principle when exhibited, was very 
p.lain and simple, that it was philosophical, and in his opinion it could 
not be neglected without injury to the health and grovsth of trees and 
plants, and deserving of public patronage." 

" The Vice President of the U. S. (iVJr. Johnson,) said, that my dis- 
covery was perfectly consistent with the laws of JNature; and, (when 
observing a few trees near the Capitol, which had been injured by the 
error, and were recovering,) further remarked, that my theory was 
essentially correct and obvious to the most superficial observer." 

"The member from New-York, (Mr, Jackson,) said that he had 
rsared an orchard on which he had carefu'Ly avoided an excess of what i 



175 

eall the common error, and that it had been admired as the most flourish, 
mg and fnmfiil orchard in the neighbourhood ; and that he had recently 
seen a field of Indian corn, which yielded more than one hundred bushels 
of shelled gram to the acre, in which an excess of the error had been 
avoided, whde the success was attributed to quite a different cause." 

From the preceding extracts, it is evident that this inestimable treasure 
lays near the surface ; and from the disclosure having been communicated 
to rational and intelligent minds, it is preposterous to expect that those 
gentlemen can, in the pursuit of their rural avocations, act directly con- 
trary to knowledge and sound judgment; they must, therefore, necessa- 
rily and unavoidably communicate the secret by their example which 
wil eventually disseminate, in proportion as mankind take an interest 
in the merits of the alleged discovery. 

But lest the full benefits of this invaluable remedy should be withheld 
from the community for^ want of the action of the United States Congre<^s 
1 have subnutted an exposition of my views of the particular points 
adverted to m the preamble, which may be found under the heads Necta 
rme Peach and Plum, pages 311, 319 and 337, of the eighth edition of 
the Young Gardener's Assistant ; and I would furthermore remind mv 
readers that the directions heretofore given in this and previous editions 
of the works are in ;itrict accordance with the same doctrine ; and that 
although the error alluded to is admitted to have been very o-enerallv 
committed, i am not aware that any writer has ever taught or encouraged 
the error, either director indirect; I confess, however, that I have been 
induced to expatiate on this malpractice in horticulture, from the subject 
having elicited the grave consideration of enlightened legislators of these 
United States. 

And lest these my voluntary disclosures should prove to have no 
bearing on the alleged discovery, I would prepare the public mind for its 
reception by an exhortation to temperance and moderation, as the 
only safe course that can be considered applicable to the cultivation of 
all the varied species of plants, which comprise " the whole veo-etable 
kingdom/' In articles, pages 19, 134, 146 and 217, I have shown that 
tlie various species of plants which occupy our greenhouses, gardens 
and fields, require each their peculiar aliment — they having been col' 
lected from all the diversified regions, climates, and soils, through earth s 
remotest bounds; they consequently comprise natives of mountains and 
rocks, as well as of plains, valleys, and water courses. The most essen- 
tial aliment for natives of warm climates and dry soils being heat, 
artificial means are used in cool seasons, and unpropitious climates to 
produce it. Natives of temperate climates require salubrious air, hence 
they are cultivated to th.^ greatest perfection in our Northern States in 
Spring and Autumn ; and in our Southern States in the Winter ; see pac^e 
355, and natives ofhumid climates, as also amphibious plants in general, 
require a more than ordinary share of moisture, and grow best in wet 
soil ; but these three lkments collectively constitute the food of plants 
in general, and should be judiciously imparted to the various species, in 
due proportions according to circumstances. See pages 41, 54, 57 and 
3.58, for a more concise view of this subject. I have also' shown, 
tliat the roots of various species of plants require each their pecuhar 
ahment, which is not to be found in all descriptions of land ; this is 
demonstrated by roots of trees being frequently discovered spreading 
beyond their ordinary bounds in quest of salutary food. 

Although it has been admitted that excessive deep planting of trees 
and plants is injurious, and in many cases fatal to their very existence, 
it does not follow that all annuals and biennials are injured by the same 
means ; on the contrary, the earthing up of particular species of plante 



176 

in a late stage of growth is calculated to promote early maturity, which 
constitutes the most essential art in gardening for the market ; because 
the earliest crops are always the most profitable. It is moreover a ne- 
cessary practice in climates whe^-e the seasons for gardening are short — 
as without sach practice, many kinds of vegetables could not possibly 
be matured in due season for gathering before Winter. 

I would here take the opportunity of proving this last position, by 
reminding the reader that tiie effects of deep planting, the Peach tree 
for instance, is discoverable soon alter the error is committed, by its 
fruit ripening prematurely, and this is often the case for a year or two 
prior to its final decease, and should operate as a salutary lesson against 
planting perennial plants and trees too deep. 

In conclusion of this article, which is intended as an appendage to my 
works on gardeniiig, I would urge gardeners and cultivators to consult 
tlie operations of Nature in all their rural pursuits ; and with a view to 
aid them, I subjoin the following rules, which are further illustrated 
under the different heads : 

1. In transplanting fruit trees, let the collar, or that part from which 
emanate the main roots, be near the STirface. A medium-sized tree may 
be planted an inch deeper than it was in the nursery bed ; and the largest 
should not exceed two or three inches, see pages 311, 319, 337 and 367 
of the Young Gardener's Assistant, eighth edition. 

2. In the cultivation of such plants as are transplanted, or grown in 
hills or clusters, as Indian Corn, «&.c. keep the earth loose but level around 
them in their early stages of growth, by frequent hoeing, ploughing, or 
cultivating; and to promote e. iy maturity, throw a moderate portion 
of earth about the roots and stems at the last or final dressing. 

3. In the sowing of seeds, remember that in unitv THShE is strength, 
and that from the germinative parts of a seed being weak and diminutive, 
it cannot be expected to perforate through the soil, solitary and alone. 
To insure a fair chance, plant your seeds moderately thick, and thin out 
the surplus plants while \oung. In planting seeds in drills, which is the 
most eligible plan, the size of the seed and strength of its germ should 
be considered ; large seeds, producing vigorous roots, require deeper 
planting than diminutive seeds, producing delicate roots & slender stalks. 

4 In the choice of compost for exotic or greenhouse plants, imitate 
the native soil of each peculiar species as nearly as possible, by a judij 
cious mixture o^ maiden earth, loam sand, leaf, swamp and rock mould, 
decomposed manures and such other composts as are recommended 
under the different heads. Remember, that although strong manure is 
essential to the growth of some plants, it is poisonous to others. Pursuf, 
THEN, A MEDIUM COURSE. Froui your soil not being too stiff'or too light, 
too rich or too poor, too cool or too warm, too close or too porous, if 
not positively salutnvy and congenial to all, it must render the situation 
of each endurable. I again repeat, that temperance in the use of 
aliment, is as essential to the wellare of the vegetable family, as it is to 
the health, happiness, and longevity of mankind. 

New-York, March 4, 1810. T. BRIDGEMAN. 



lO^" Since this address has b«en in press, I have seen another article 
in the Poughkeepsic Eagle, dated February 29, 1840, wherein our 
modest and patriotic discoverer gratuitously monuaiirc's his knowledge 
as superior to that of " all Botanical and Agricultural knotcn Writers !*' 
As I have anticipated the merits of this second vaLnnhle di>covery 
in my books, I have noihing more to sav than to remind die reader, that 
this uncalled for attack on the brethren of my fraternity, fully justifies 
not merely thepublication, but the most general circulation of these my 
voluntary disclosures. 



THE mm GA RDENER'S ASSISTANT. 

7G* This work has been noticed in terms of the highest commenda- 
tion by the editors of the leading journals of America. The following 
encomiums have been selected from a long list of others equally compli- 
mentary to the Author, as a sound practical writer. 2[J)i> ^vfntct. 

" The work is written in plain language, easily to be understood by 
the young beginner in gardening, who will find it a great help ; and its 
value, even to the partly experienced person, is by no means of an ordi- 
nary character. It is adapted to ouk climate, and unlike compila- 
tions from English works, the novice is not led into disappointment by 
following the rules there laid down, as he generally is, when following 
advice of the latter. We repeat, that as far as the book pretends, it is 

WORTH all others OF A SIMILAR CHARACTER THAT HAVE EVER BEEN 

puBLis^HED IN THIS COUNTRY.'' — Bostou Magazine of Horticulture. 

" From what we gather from the tenor of Mr. Bridgeman's book, we 
should suppose that he paid but little attention to the mere on dits or 
dictums of any, but that he pursued that course which his judgment 
pointed out; and in this particular, we value his book — leading the 
young gardener to learn to depend more on his own judgment than on 
the rules of custom. — American Farmer. 

" This work conveys the best information on the management of 
Hot-beds, Asparagus beds, best mode of raising all sorts of Esculent 
Vegetables; Pruning, Grafting and Buddinrr Fruit Trees, Training the 
Vine, Preserving the Fruit from Mildew, &c. No book on the subject 
ever published in this country has met w^ith half as extensive a sale, or 
decided public approbation, as this valuable compendium. Mr. Bridge- 
man fully understands the subject on which he treats. The Calendarial 
Index arranges the work every month, and refers to the various parts of 
the book how to proceed: this of itself is worth the price of the whole 
work, and cost the Author immense labour. The very rapid sale of the 
seven former editions, together with the commendation of every agri- 
cultural and horticultural journal in America, and several in England, 
are quite a sufficient lecommendation." — G. C Thorburn. 
Extract of a letter from Lansiugburgh: — 

''Dear Sir, — You will see by the next month's New York Farmer) if 
you have not already seen by the Albany papers, that several copies of 
your ' Young Gardener's Assistant' have been given as premiums, by 
the State Agricultural Society. Mr. D. B. Slingerland and myself 
were on the committee for awarding premiums, and thought your work 
was deserving encouragement, and that even in this small way, we 
might be of service in bringing it before the public as worthy of being 
given as PREMIUMS. " ALEXANDER WALSH." 

" We can assure gardeners and farmers, that they will in times and 
ways almost without number- be amply compensated by purchasing the 
book. Mr. B. bestow^s great labour on his productions of the pen, not 
only as to practical matter of fact, but to the various excellences of 
style, particularly to clearness, and the avoiding a redundancy of words. 
The amount of useful information in the book constitutes its value ; 
and all this information is adapted to this country, and its climate and 
soil." — American Gardener's Magazine. 

" The style is free, and the language appropriate ; the plan is judicious, 
and the contents embrace much well arranged practical information, 
unencumbered v/ith disquisitions foreign to the object of the work. 
We very cheerfully recommend it to our readers as a cheap and useful 
book." — Horticultiiral Magazine, 



178 ADVERTISEMENTS. 

GREENHOUSE PLANTS— BULBOV^ Sf TUBEROUS ROOTS, 



T. BRIDGEMAN would here remim] his friends that he has a Seed 
Store and Greenhouse, corner of Eighteenth st. and Broadway, immedi- 
ately north of Union Place Pai ■. : and West of the New-York and Har- 
lem Rail Road; and he trusts he shall not be accused of arrogance or 
egotism for asserting his belief that ujiwards of twenty years' experience 
as a. Gardener, and fourteen as a Seedsman, in the vicinity of New-York, 
entitle him to the confidence of the public. 

^ He can only here enumerate a few of the leading articles in his collec- 
tion, which he can conscientiously recommend as being well calculated 
to suit the market. 

GARDEN SEEDS. — A full assortment of all those varieties of vege- 
table seeds that have been tested in this climate, and proved to have some 
good qualities to recommend them ; none otiiers will be offered at the 
counter. 

HERB SEEDS. — Including Sage, Thyme, Sweet Marjoram, Summer 
Savory, &c. 

FLOWER SEEDS.— Annual, Biennial and Perennial Flower Seeds 
of the most esteemed varieties. 

GREENHOUSE PLANTS.--Consistin;T of several choice varieties 
of Geraniums, or Pelargoniums, China Roses, Camelias, or Japan Ro- 
ses, Carnations and various ornamental Plants, including Orange, Le- 
mon Trees, and such other exotic plants as arc best adapted to the parlour 
and greenhouse 

BULBOUS AND TUBEROUS ROOTS —Hyacinths, Tulips, 
Narcissus, and such other bulbs as are calculated to blossom in pots or 
glasses; also, Glrdioluses, Tuberoses, Amaryllises, Tiger Flowers, &c. 
together with a full assortment of DOUBLE L/iHLIAS, embracing all 
tlie newest and most splendid varieties, of every shade and complexion. 

HORTICULTURAL BOOKS. 

The Kitchen Gardener's Instructor, containing ample directiong 
for the cultivation of Culinary Vegetables, Herbs, 

The Florist's Guide, contnining practiced directions for the cultiva- 
tion of Flowers. Third editioa improved. 

The Young Ga dener's Assistant, containing practical directions 
for the cultivation of Culinary Vegetables, Flowers, Fruit Trees, the 
Grape Vine, &c. &c. Eighth edition enlarged. 

[fIF'Seedsmen and Booksellers supplied on liberal terms. 



MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES. 

BIRD SEEDS— Hemp, Canary, Yellov/, Rape, aod Millet ; Flax, 
Timothy, Clover, and Grass Seeds; Split Peas for Soup; Scotch Barley, 
B-ussian Mats, Flower Pots, &c &c. on moderate terms, 



179 



INDEX TO THE GENERAL MATTER. 

Fag© 

Annual Flower Seeds, a catalogue of 1(5 

Air, Heat, Light, and Moisture, essential to vegetation 14, 26, 104 & 125 

Aspect, Simalion, i^c. 12,64 & 133 

Awning necessary to protect choice Flowers, - - 68, 85 & 96 

Address to the People of the United States .... 173 
Biennial and Perennial Flower Seeds, a catalogue of - 28 

Blank Book recoui mended * 23&94 

Bulbous and Tuberous Roots defined ... - - 63 
Bulbous and Tuberous Roots, general manage- 
ment of 62, 98, 130 & 131 

Climbing Plants de:.cribed 19; 30, & 43 

Changeable Flower Garden -...-._ 34 

Chrysanthemums - - - 106&139 

Camellias, or Japan Roses, cultivation of - 126, 127 & 141 

Double Dahlias, a catalogue of - . - - - 71 to 80 

Double Dahlias, general management of - - - 65,81 & 130 

Drilling system recommended 22&24 

Edgings, Lawns, &c. 13 & 35 

Flower Garden, observations on, ... 11, 14, 27, 36 & 62 

Garden Tools, Labels, &.c. indispensably necessary, - 21 & 26 

Greenhouse Plants, general management of . - 101, 124 to 142 
Greenhouse Plants, descriptive catalogue of - - 108 to 120 

Hot-Beds, management of - - - . ... 128 

Inmates of the garden, natives of various climates 12, 14,26, 10] & 176 
Insects to destroy - - - - - - - 131 & 132 

Manure, Compost, and Soils, management of - 21, 63, 105 &. 141 

Monthly Calendar 124 to 141 

Plants often killed vfith kindness .... 103, 106 & 126 
Perennial Plants, to propagate, ... 32, 33, 47, 61 & 138 
Primulas, including Polyanthus, &c. culti- 
vation of 129, 133, 134 k 138 

Propagation of Shrubs, Greenhouse Plants, &c. 47 to 50, & 107 

Protection of Flower Beds, .... 35, 64, 68 & 96 

Roses, management of 47, 49, 129 & 135 

Shrubs, Flowering and Ornamental - - . - 36 to 47 

Shrubby Greenhou e Plants, management of 47, l27, 132 & 136 

Thermometer indispensable in a greenhouse . - - 125 

Transplanting Floweruig Plants - - - . 26. 33, & 51 

Shifting. Potting, and Replenishing Greenhouse Plants 105 & 137 

Temperance in the use of water, recommended - - 103 & 124 
Weather Observations and Prognostics on • - . 121 to 141 



POETIC PIECES. 



Flowers ... 

Call of the Flowers 

To raise your Flowers - 

Spring 

First Flowers 

The Beauties of April and May 

The Matrimonial Garden 



Pnge. 

9 

10 

14 

21 

35 

52 to 61 

142 



180 



mDEX TO 



BULBOUS AND TUBEROUS ROOTS. 
Practical directions for tite cultivatioyi of which will he found under mch headi 

Page. 

Amaryllises --*.*. ^ . gg 

Anemones and Ranunculuses - • - - 67 

Crocuses - - - ^ - - - 68 

Crown Imperials - * * * " '69 

Colchlcums .... - . 69 

Cyclamens, Persian - - - - - - 69 

Double Dahlias ..*-.- 70 

Gladioluses ....... 82 

Hyacinths - - - - - - ' - 84 

Irises - - - -- * * '•85 

Ixias .... .... 86 

Jonquil* ^ ' - . - * - 86 

Laehenalias *.-..... 86 

Lilies -.--.--- 87 

Narcissuses - - •-'•--88 

Ornithogalums - - - - - ^^ - 89 

Oxalises ....... 9o 

PsBonies ...... -90 

Tulips - 92 

Tuberoses .„.-... Qg 

Tiger Flowers - - - - - - 96 



INDEX TO COMPENDIUM ON THE FIRST PRINCIPLES OP 
HORTICULTURE, &c. 
Which embraces much general information under the following heads : 



Chap. 






Page. 


I. General Nature of Plants • 


. 


147 


11. Poot 






149 


III. Stem 






15] 


IV. Leaf-Buds 






153 


V, Leaves 






155 


VI. Flowers 






150 


VII. Sexes 






159 


VII. Fruit - 






161 


IX. Seed 






163 


X. Sap 

XL Air and Light 




-. 


164 
165 


Xll. Perspiration 






167 
168 


XIIL Cuttings 






XVL Scions 






170 


XV. Transplation 






178 



4 



